Murder, Mystery and Intrigue in My Last Duchess Essay -- Robert Browni

Murder, mystery and intrigue all describe Robert Browning's poem, "My Last Duchess." From the speakers' indirect allusions to the death of his wife the reader is easily lead to think that the speaker committed a vengeful crime out of jealousy. His elaborate speech confuses and disguises any possible motives, and the mystery is left unsolved. Even if he did not kill his wife, he certainly has something to hide. Based on the poem's historical references, style and structure, the Duke's controlling and jealous nature becomes evident. An ambiguous quality about the Duke is his historical character. The incident the poem dramatizes clearly references the historical Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara, who married Lucrezia, daughter of a man who later became pope, the Medici, in 1558 (Rudy 169). Within two years of their marriage she suspiciously died. We know that Browning's Duke has a nine-hundred-years-old name of which he was very proud, and, based on his collections of paintings and sculptures, that he was a patron of arts. Both facts correspond with the historical Duke. The poem's duke of Ferrara, his last duchess, the "Count" with whose servant Ferrara is here discussing re-marring and a dowry, and the new "fair daughter" are also historical, but the interpretation of what actually took place among them is Browning's own. The style and structure of this poem plays a significant role in the effect of the poem. "My Last Duchess" exemplifies the important elements of Browning's talent for dramatic monologue, his ability to evoke the unconstrained reaction of a person in a particular situation or crisis (Bloom 35). This format suits this poem particularly well because the speaker, taken to be Duke of Ferrara, comes across as being v... ... aspects of the Duke that remain unclear include his true character. As mentioned, he is presenting his best side, but through his speech the use of historical references, style, and structure helps the reader sees how he is very jealous and controlling, which leads us to believe he may have many dishonorable qualities. Works Cited Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Views of Robert Browning. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1985. Browning, Robert. "My Last Duchess." Literature: An Introduction to reading and writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts. 6th Edition. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 2001. 695-697. DeVane, William. A Browning Handbook. New York: Appleton-Century, Inc, 1955. Magill, Frank N., Ed. Magill's Survey of World Literature. 1 vols. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corp. 1993. Rudy, Mary K. Poetry for Students. 1 vols. Detroit: Gale. 1998. 164-171.

The Need for External Acknowledgement

The Need for External Acknowledgement in Shakespearean King Lear â€Å"The impermanence of power and place. That man had it all, but only for a time. â€Å"l –James Baker In William Shakespearean King Lear, the dialog in the hovel between Lear and Edgar, disguised as the mad beggar Poor Tom, represents the pivotal moment in Learner's path to redemption through self-discovery. Learner's path to self-discovery begins when he experiences a psychological struggle over the loss of his royal sovereign power and the loss of his role as a father.Shakespeare hints at Learner's brewing identity crisis when Reagan clarifies that Learner's problem is not only his age, but also his self-identity. Reagan states: â€Å"Its the infirmity of his age, yet he hath ever but slenderer known himself† (1. 1. 294-5). Later Lear questions Kent in disguise as the servant Caucus. Lear states: â€Å"Dost thou know me, fellow' (1. 4. 26)? 2 Another hint of Learner's impending identity crisis com es when Goner† states: These dispositions, which of late transport you From what you rightly are. (1. 4. 213-4) The identity crisis becomes clear when later in Act 1, Lear states: Does any here know me?Why, this is not Lear. Who is it that can tell me who I am? (1. 4. 217-21) Friedman, Thomas. â€Å"Power is Fleeting, Baker Reflects,† The New York Times, February 2, 1990. Secretary of State James Baker describes his reaction to seeing a former White House Chief of Staff from a prior administration, walking alone on the street without any of the trappings of power. !2 Shakespeare, William. King Lear. In The Arden Shakespeare King Lear, New York: Bloomberg, 2014. All future references to the text of the play will refer to this edition by listing the (Act/scene/line numbers).As he divides his kingdom and abdicates his throne, Lear tries to maintain a sense of elf-identity despite being surrounded by a changing political and social environment. Eventually Lear slips into ma dness as he struggles with a crisis of identity. Lear cannot resolve his identity crisis until he relinquishes his old self and accepts a new concept of selfless. Examining Learner's dialog with Poor Tom, illuminates Shakespearean method of communicating to the audience how and why Lear resolves his identity crisis.More illuminating than considering Learner's identity crisis through standard literary critical analysis, one can better understand Learner's struggle through a philosophical lens. The philosophical ideas George Wilhelm Frederica Hedge's regarding the formation of selfless, helps explain how Shakespeare presents his theme of self- discovery in King Lear. Hegel contends that inwardness of selfless can only develop in an environment which includes external social interaction. 3 As Lear encounters the storm, he finds himself at the peak of his psychological struggle. The storm prepares Lear to face his identity crisis.When Lear seeks shelter from the storm in the hovel, he s till holds on to a vestige of his former identity. Through his conversation with Poor Tom, Lear eventually emerges from the hovel enlightened and transformed with a new self-identity. Thus, through a Hegelian lens, King Lear is a play about social interaction and human nature. Consistent with Hedge's philosophy regarding the formation of selfless, Poor Tom serves as the necessary external interaction which Lear requires to unify his internal and external selfless. This paper argues that Shakespeare uses Poor Tom's feint at madness as a means for Hegel, George Wilhelm Frederica. Phenomenology of Spirit,† The Norton Anthology of Theory & Criticism. 2nd deed. Deed. Vincent B. Letch, New York: Norton, 2010. P. 541 . Lear to come into knowledge which enables Lear to resolve his identity crisis. Additionally this paper extends the argument by stating that without any interaction with a person independent of the kings former court, Lear could not achieve a new self-identity. Hedge's Philosophy of Self-consciousness The philosophy of self-consciousness as expressed in Hedge's essay Phenomenology of Spirit helps clarify how Lear resolves his identity crisis.A brief description of Hedge's ideas on selfless explain the connection to Learner's self-discovery. Hegel asserts that, achieving solicitousness requires the acknowledgement of the internal selfless by an external other. Hegel states: â€Å"self-consciousness exists in and for itself when, and by the fact that, it so exists for another; that is, it exists only in being acknowledged. â€Å"4 In defining selfless as a two-step process, Hegel asserts that the self has an internal component consisting of a conception of selfless and an external component consisting of a recognition of that selfless by another person.Thus, Hegel asserts achieving and maintaining self- identity requires uniting the internal and external views of selfless into a singular self-identity. Hegel states: â€Å"the notion of this its u nity in its duplication. 5 The duplication of selfless stems from a struggle for â€Å"oneness† which forces an adaptation in self-identity. 6 Thus, Hegel contends the resolution of an identity crisis cannot take place solely in the mind of one individual. Resolving an identity crisis requires external feedback. 14 Hegel, â€Å"Phenomenology of Spirit,† The Norton Anthology of Theory & Criticism. . 541 . 15 16 Taking a Hegelian approach to Learner's identity crisis, Lear must interact with and receive acknowledgement from another person, whom Lear perceives as not having a connection to the Kings former selfless. As a disposed king, Learner's identity crisis mains linked to the void created when he loses the trappings of power associated with his roles as sovereign and father. Learner's loss of political and family identity, creates a crisis that pushes him psychologically into unknown territory.Although not considering Shakespeare through a Hegelian lens, William Fles h indirectly supports this view in arguing that Shakespeare had an interest in phenomenology. Flesh asserts: â€Å"In Shakespearean plays self-origination manifests itself most fully under the pressure of loss. â€Å"7 In order to resolve his identity crisis, Lear must break free from what he knows and embrace the unknown. The external feedback Lear receives prior to his interaction with Poor Tom, only reminds the disposed king of who he once was, not who he can now become.Lear needs a completely new external source of acknowledgment not linked to his former roles as king and father. Such an external source of acknowledgement offers Lear a means by which he can readjust his selfless. A readjustment that can only come about without a connection to his already internalized former self-identity. Lear needs an interaction which can provide a new frame of knowledge in order to develop an entirely new understanding of his self. A close examination of the play, reveals that Lear experien ces such an interaction through his dialog with Poor Tom. The Storm: Preparing Lear to Encounter Poor Tom 17 Flesh, William.Generosity and the Limits of Authority: Shakespeare, Herbert, Milton. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992. P. 87. By the time Lear meets Poor Tom, Shakespeare has already prepped Lear for his direct interaction with a representation of the common man from the lowest level within British society. In addition, Shakespeare provides the audience with a glimpse of Lear accepting an initial change in his selfless. The storm sets the stage for Learner's pivotal encounter with Poor Tom. The storm causes Lear to accept a deterioration or softening of his hardened selfless which he forged during his time wielding the power of an absolute monarch.Through the softening of his hardened selfless, Lear prepares to establish a new self-identity. During the storm, Lear comes to understand that as King of Britain, he ignored the daily struggles faced by the masses in Britain. In acknowledging the struggling masses, Lear takes a major step forward in acknowledging his own humanity and toward discovering his limits as a man. Only through his inward exploration, does Lear begin to find the self he was enable to experience as a king. As one can surmise, as king, Lear remained too focused on the hard calculated decisions of maintaining political power and wealth.But through the extremes of the storm, Learner's hardened selfless starts to soften. Initially Lear only feels sorry for himself and seeks revenge by challenging nature to destroy the entire world, but as the storm continues, Lear is able to develop empathy for others. In gaining the ability to express empathy, Lear opens himself to the community necessary to achieve self-discovery. Lear in stubbornness refuses to return to Gloucester home and enter back into investigation with his daughters. Kent tries in vain to let Lear, allow him to go back to his daughters and ask if Lear may reenter the home an d get out of the cold wet storm.Kent makes requests to Lear: Gracious my lord, hard by here is a hovel Some Friendship will it lend you ‘against the tempest Repose you there, while I to this hard house More harder than the stones whereof its raised Which even but now, demanding after you, Denied me to come in – return and force Their scanted courtesy. (3. 2. 61-7) Lear stands in the rain right near Gloucester home, but he refuses to return and work through his issues with his daughters. Even the Fool requests for Lear to be reasonable and go back to his daughters to get out of the cold rain of the storm.The Fool states: O, uncle, court holy water in a dry house is better than this rain-water out door. Good uncle, in and ask thy daughters blessing. Here's a night pities neither wise men nor fools (3. 2. 10-3) At this point in the play, Lear does not have the ability to be flexible to discuss the issue with his daughters. As king, Lear did not need to negotiate and compro mise. By holding on to a selflessness associated with power, Lear cannot act like a common man living in a community with others. By staying out in the storm, Lear isolates himself both physically and mentally.Shakespeare uses the storm to highlight Learner's inability to confront human nature resulting in Learner's inability to live amongst others. When Lear can no longer demand his wishes and force others to bend to his will, Lear storms off into an actual storm. Considering King Lear through a Hegelian lens, Learner's inability to thrive as a member of a community, stands clear as the reason why Lear struggles with an identity crisis. Without the social skills required to connect with an external other and gain acknowledgement for his new selfless, Lear is initially unable to readjust his self-identity.Initially facing the storm, Lear remains defiant. He refuses to acknowledge that his present place in the world, no longer reflects his personal perception of his place in the worl d. As an absolute monarch, Lear lived in a world that was not the reality of most men. Now as a deposed king, Lear must face the reality of the world as do ordinary men. Such an absolute change in his life gives a shock to Learner's mental stability. The storm represents a physical manifestation of the violent change taking place in his life. The storm represents the psychological storm raging in Learner's subconscious.As he protests against his loss of power and status, so does Lear protest its physical manifestation represented by the storm. In seeking revenge, Lear assumes a king like posture in ordering nature to do his bidding. Lear states: Blow winds and crack and crack your checks! Rage, blow! You cataracts and hurricanes, spout Till you have drench our steeples, drown the socks! Vault-courses of oak-cleaving thunderbolts, Singe my white head! And thou all shaking thunder, Strike flat the thick rotundity the world Crack nature's moulds, germens spill at once That make ungrate ful man! (3. 2. -9) Learner's voice remains constant in the manner by which he commands nature to act. Lear demonstrates that his actions are still driven by his self-identity as a powerful man capable of and in the habit of issuing commands and being obeyed. At this point in the play, Learner's voice provides insight into his social interaction. Lear lacks the ability to interact well with others as he still considers himself as retaining the power of an absolute monarch. As if he were still king, Lear expects his communication with others to be relatively one sided and in his favor. In this key passage (3. . -9), Lear reveals the frustration of his identity crisis. He asks the gods for a natural disaster to make society pay for the injustice he suffers under the mistreatment of his daughters. Near the end of the passage, Lear strikes more directly at woman in venting his anger with Reagan and Generic. In using the term â€Å"thick rotundity,† Lear describes the world as a p regnant woman. 8 In using â€Å"nature's moulds,† Lear describes a woman's womb. Here Lear displays his misogynistic attitude which does not highlight his rage toward mankind, but actually highlights his anger toward his daughters.Learner's rage toward his starters reinforces that his selfless remains trapped in the same position he was at the beginning of the play. Trapped in a selfless linked to his identity as a powerful king and father, Lear seeks revenge for the threat to this self-identity. Lear seeks revenge against Reagan and Generic for his decline in power and their rejection of him as their aged father. Lear states: I am a man More sinned against than sinning. (3. 2. 58-9) Learner's rage reveals that he is not yet a broken man. His over-the-top language clearly communicates his delusion as to the grand position which he still believes that he olds.Lear clearly states that he wants Reagan and Generic to feel his wrath. Lear states: â€Å"l will punish home† ( 3. 4. 16). At this point in the play, what does not happen to Lear is a shift in his self-identity. A shift which his new political and family situations actually necessitate. Without an adjustment in self-identity, Lear feels himself falling into madness. Lear states: â€Å"My wits begin to turn† (3. 2. 68). What happens to Lear is a slide into madness as he fixates on his mistreatment at the hands of Reagan and Generic.Without a shift in self-identity Lear broods over the perceived injustice of hat Reagan and Generic have done to him, and he loses touch with reality. Lear states: O, Reagan, Generic, Your old, kind father, whose frank heart gave you all! 8 263. Editor's note: Fakes, R. A. , deed. , The Arden Shakespeare: King Lear, New York: Bloomberg, 2014, p. O, that way madness lies (3. 4. 19-21) As the storm continues, Learner's hardened selfless softens. In trying to stave off madness, Lear shifts his focus away from his desire for retribution against Reagan and Gonerâ € .No longer fixated on his desire for vengeance against his daughters, Lear finally speaks of the common people in England. Lear shifts his focus from his psychological offering to his physical suffering. His physical suffering breaks down his hardened resolve to maintain his selfless unchanged by recent events. Lear states: Poor naked wretches, wherefore's you are, That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm, How shall your housefuls heads and unfed sides Your looped and windowed raggedness, defend you From seasons such as these? (3. 4. 28-32) Cold and wet, Lear experiences the suffering and pains of the commoners first hand.His physical suffering forces Lear to think beyond himself and feel sympathy for others. Instead of seeking retribution against his daughters, now Lear thinks of his rime in ignoring the harsh plight of his subjects. In a true moment of introspection Lear faults his tenure as king. Removed from the people he ruled, Lear focused more on courtly endeavors th an humanity. Lear states: O' I have eaten Too little care of this. (3. 4. 32-3) When focused on revenge, Learner's thinks from a perspective of self-centered desire. When Lear concludes he did not govern well as king, he thinks from a perspective of compassion and a sense of community.Shakespeare has Lear come to understand the â€Å"poor naked wretches,† to prepare Lear for his encounter with Poor Tom. In exposing Lear to the suffering of humans when tripped away of all protection of civilization, Lear can know understand Poor Tom and develop a kinship with Poor Tom. Lear states: Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel, That thou Mays shake the superglue to them And show the heavens more Just. (3. 4. 34-6) Without Learner's enlightenment regarding the â€Å"poor naked wretches,† Lear would not be able to develop a community with Poor Tom.The first step in preparing for an adjustment in selectivity requires a willingness to seek community. Lear cannot receive externa l acknowledgement for a new self-identity without first developing an openness to community. In feeling the pain of the cold storm, Lear engages his senses that all humans have in common. In connecting with his basic human senses, Lear becomes more open to enter into a community with an external other. From a Hegelian approach the storm clearly prepares Lear to adjust his self-identity. Before the storm, Learner's hardened self-identity remained focused on his self-interest.As a powerful king all Lear focused on was maintaining and wielding power. Before the storm the former king remains rigid in holding onto his self-identity associated with power. At the start of the storm a zeal for revenge represents the only emotion which Lear can summon. In discovering he was remiss in not caring for his common subjects, Lear softens and opens himself to an adjustment in his self-identity. By the end of the storm, Lear can now display the emotions of empathy and guilt. Lear is now a less rigid character and assumes a range of flexibility with his emotions.Shakespeare uses the storm not as a moment of rebirth for Learner's personality, but as a moment of psychological breakdown. Only through breaking down his strong self- identity could Shakespeare prepare the character to finally resolve his identity crisis. Following Learner's feting in the storm, Lear engages Poor Tom from a more malleable psychological state than the Lear who argued with Reagan and Goner†. Inside the Hovel: Establishing a Community Inside the hovel, Lear interacts with a person he considers his equal. Lear finds himself on par with Poor Tom.Unlike the Fool, whom Lear considers one of the trappings of his former power, Lear perceives Poor Tom as a psychologically troubled person Just like himself. In identifying with Poor Tom, Lear can finally gain the knowledge to free himself from constriction of his former conception of selfless. Lear redefines himself by his own humanity rather than by his fo rmer wealth, status, and privilege. Poor Tom replaces the Fool as the foil to Learner's outward conversations with himself. Shakespeare uses these conversations as a means for allowing the audience access to the psychological struggle taking place inside the mind of Lear.In other words, the drama within a drama which plays out in Learner's self-conscious. The dialog between Lear and Poor Tom in the hovel does little to move the plot forward other than resolving Learner's identity crisis. While he does not link King Lear to Hedge's hilltop's on selfless, literary critic James Carney does support this point when he asserts: â€Å"Shakespeare gives us a scene-? completely unmotivated in terms of its significance to the plot-?in which Lear responds viscerally to his exposure to the laterality of the other person. 9 Only through Poor Tom's madness, does Lear find what he perceives as an external equal to provide acknowledgment for Learner's newly formed internal definition of selfless. 19 Kerrey, James. â€Å"Phenomenology and Ethics â€Å"This is above all strangeness†: King Lear, Ethics, and the Phenomenology of Recognition† in Criticism, Summer 2012, Volvo. 54, No. 3, p. 457. But, can Lear, in his own state of madness, recognize Poor Tom as a madman and consider Poor Tom his equal from who he can gain knowledge? Professor R. A. Folks, of UCLA, contends that Edger's disguise as a mad beggar does not influence Learner's interaction with Poor Tom.In his introduction to The Arden Shakespeare King Lear, Folks argues: â€Å"Edger's masquerade as the possessed Poor Tom is pretty much confined to one scene, and has little or no effect on the mad Lear, who sees him as a ‘learned Thebes†10 (102). I reject Folklore's argument based on Learner's initial perception of Poor Tom as being driven to madness by the neglect of his daughters. While Lear does not consider Poor Tom as possessed by the devil, he does perceive Poor Tom as psychologically tro ubled. Lear states: â€Å"Didst thou give all to thy two daughters? And art thou come to this† (3. 4. 48-9).In first seeing Poor Tom as a suffering creature shivering in the hovel without clothes, Lear projects his own problems and madness onto Poor Tom. In my view, Folks overlooks the value placed on Learner's first assessment of Tom as a madman Just like himself. In his unity of effort, Shakespeare intentionally has Lear first bond with Poor Tom as one madman to another madman. Only through bonding on some level of equality an Lear become open to gaining knowledge from Poor Tom. One critic even argues that in his suffering as an outcast, the disguised Edgar may also suffer an identity crisis propelling him into madness.Emollient Bell argues that Edger's â€Å"assumed madness becomes indistinguishable from the frantic despair to which he has been driven. â€Å"al As the former king, Lear must find a manner in which to Fakes, R. A. , deed. , â€Å"Introduction† in Th e Arden Shakespeare: King Lear, New York: Bloomberg, 2014, Bell, Emollient. â€Å"Naked Lear,† in Raritan, Spring 2004, Volvo 23, No 4, up. 55-70. P. 102. Connect with Poor Tom as a wise man. Before Lear can philosophize with Poor Tom, Lear first must consider Poor Tom as an equal. In finding an equal, Lear can end his self-imposed solitude and enter into a community.Through a community Lear can finally end his identity crisis by gaining external acceptance for his selfless. In encountering a near naked man, Lear finds himself connected to Poor Tom's base humanity. Poor Tom represents the true nature of humanity stripped down to the essential. Poor Tom represents the image of Lear stripped away of all the trappings of wealth and power which he had known while he was king. After his experience in he storm, Lear can identify with Poor Tom as a â€Å"poor naked wretch. † During his time in the hovel, Lear refers to Poor Tom as the â€Å"thing itself† (3. . 104). Le ar refers to Poor Tom as representative of human poverty. In his perception of Poor Tom as humankind without the varnish of society, Lear finds the common ground which allows him to establish a community with Poor Tom. A key aspect to Poor Tom representing humanity in a base form is the connection of Poor Tom to nature. Shakespeare hints at Poor Tom's strong connection to nature early in the play. When Edmund discusses how â€Å"planetary influence† explains his evil tendencies, he ascribes himself using the attributes of a mad beggar (1. 2. 125).Edmund states: â€Å"My cue is villainous melancholy, with a sigh like Tom bedlam† (1. 2. 135-6). By linking the mad beggar with astrology, Shakespeare indirectly hints at a link between Poor Tom and nature. When Edgar describes how he will disguise himself, the description invokes images of an animal. Edgar states: To take the barest and most poorest shape That ever penury in contempt of man Brought near beast. My face I'll g rime in filth, Blanket my loins, elf all my hair in knots†¦ (2. 2. 178-80) When Poor Tom describes the eating of small prey, he describes himself as an animal.He states: â€Å"Poor Tom eats the swimming frog, the toad, the tadpole, the wall- newt† (3. 4. 125-6). Linking Poor Tom to nature reinforces the character as a representation of humankind at a base level without the comforts of society. After experiencing the storm, Lear finds the unvarnished truth of the human condition in Poor Tom's unvarnished appearance and vulnerable existence. Poor Tom serves as a mirror by which Lear can see his own interpretation of the world. In further defining his initial perception of Poor Tom, Lear states: Have his daughters brought him to this pass?

Myth on Aging Essay - 1593 Words

There are many misconceptions when we talk about sex especially to old age generation. During the first day of class in HS 107, we talked about myths on aging. According to many people, they believed that â€Å"Majority of old people have no interest in, nor capacity for, sexual relations† (Facts on Aging Quiz). In our society, many people believe that older adults do not have sex when they reach the certain old age. Many argue that as you grow older your body becomes frail, thus, decreasing and diminishing sexual desire. Others believe that the sex â€Å"belong to the younger generations† (Schwartz, 2012). Since older adults are more prone to chronic disease, this means that we assume that they do not have a desire on having sexual intercourse.†¦show more content†¦It is a positive aspect to have sex with your loved one when you get older. This way, you both can still connect despite of what you experience while getting older. As you grow older your body tends to slow down, which makes it harder to have sex when you suffer with some illness. However, this does not mean that you cannot have sex when your body starts to weaken, as you grow older. Mauk (2008) argued, â€Å"Normal aging changes include [†¦] diminished sex hormones.† Our sex hormones decreases as you grow older, but this does not mean we completely stop or does not have interest with sexual relations. Many older adults compromise with their illness when it comes to sex. For men, they experience erectile dysfunction, and the most common problem is achieving or maintaining an erection during the intercourse (Lochlainn Kenny, 2013). Older men have these reproductive problems, and it is difficult for them to have sex when you have this issue. As for women, menopausal is the problem. When a woman reaches the menopausal stage, their vaginal wall begins to get thinner, and the lubrication production decreases. 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What Is Diagenesis in Geology

Diagenesis is the name for a wide range of changes that affect sediments during their progress to become sedimentary rocks: after they are laid down, while they are becoming rock, and before they first undergo metamorphism. It does not include weathering, the processes that turn all kinds of rock into sediment. Diagenesis is sometimes divided into early and late phases.   Examples of Early Phase Diagenesis Early diagenesis covers everything that may happen after sediment is laid down (deposition) until it first becomes rock (consolidation). Processes in this stage are mechanical (reworking, compaction), chemical (dissolution/precipitation, cementation), and organic (soil formation, bioturbation, bacterial action). Lithification takes place during early diagenesis. Russian geologists and some American geologists restrict the term diagenesis to this early stage. Examples of Late Phase Diagenesis Late diagenesis, or epigenesis, covers everything that may happen to sedimentary rock between consolidation and the lowest stage of metamorphism. Emplacement of sedimentary dikes, growth of new minerals (authigenesis), and various low-temperature chemical changes (hydration, dolomitization) mark this stage. Whats the Difference Between Diagenesis and Metamorphism? There isnt an official boundary between diagenesis and metamorphism, but many geologists set the line at about 1-kilobar pressure, corresponding to depths of a few kilometers, or temperatures over 100 C. Processes such as petroleum generation, hydrothermal activity, and vein emplacement occur in this borderline region.

The Sociological Imagination Of Our Everyday Lives

In order to make sense of the purpose of our everyday lives and our place in society, humans participate in a concept called the sociological imagination. This concept enables a person to â€Å"understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals†(Mills, The Sociological Imagination). When applying the sociological imagination to my own experiences, I am able to locate myself society, particularly the larger structures of Education. By doing, so I am able to find purpose in the education system despite its pitfalls. In order to make sense of what we are doing in our lives as individuals we must examine the history and institutions of society at large. This is what the sociological imagination does; it helps us define our purpose in society. For example, the education system today is â€Å"suffering from narration sickness†(Friere 71) meaning that students passively listen while the teach ers narrate content. It is obvious to anyone that has gone through the formal education that there seems to be no real purpose to what we do in schools. There is less learning taking place, but rather depositing. The students are empty vesicles to which the teacher deposits information for the student to receive, memorize and repeat. Paulo Freire calls this type of learning the â€Å"banking† concept of education in his book â€Å"Pedagogy of the Oppressed†. In this banking system, oppression is a main characteristic of theShow MoreRelatedThe Concept Of Sociological Imagination : Connecting History987 Words   |  4 PagesClaudia Rosado Professor Williams Sociology 3 October 2014 The Concept of Sociological Imagination: Connecting History to Biography C. 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Industry Analysis Paper Free Essays

Athletic Footwear Industry Analysis When you think of athletic footwear what are your first thoughts? Nike? Under armor? Skechers? K-Swiss? All these companies have a common type of product/category called athletic footwear that they all sell and make a huge profit from. Throughout our analysis we will focus primarily on the United States Market industry compared to the International industry in athletic footwear/ running shoes. Within the United States there is a wide variety of different types of shoes but one of the most trend setting shoes that provide the most income are athletic footwear/ running shoes. We will write a custom essay sample on Industry Analysis Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The United States has over 10 billion dollars of revenue of profit that the athletic footwear industry provides and is one of the largest markets for athletic apparel and footwear in the world, which will provide a sufficient analysis for us to determine (Athletic Shoe Stores in the US: Market Research Report, IBISWorld 1999). This will allow us to focus on a market that we are familiar with and will penetrate the industry down to make a more accurate analysis on the industry athletic footwear/ running shoes. We will be analyzing women and men’s retail running shoes through their industry activities. This will declare an accurate competition level between different competitors throughout the industry’s products. Athletic running footwear has had an extreme demand of athletic apparel due to increasing number of athletes and the growing health awareness among the people of the US (Ken Research in Footwear, Market Research 2013). There is more of a demand for women’s running shoes compared to men with the increase of interest to jogging/running for the women population (Ken Research in Footwear, Market Research 2013). We will be analyzing all aspects of the United States industry within the men and women’s attire of running footwear. Some of the trends in the general environment of the athletic footwear industry are the economic climate, healthy and active lifestyle, and fashion trends. In every retail industry the current state of the economy can greatly affect the environment. If the economy is in a depression that effects the shopping patterns of their consumers and as a result becomes a threat to the industry. The athletic footwear industry took a hit when the recession decelerated the US economy in 2008 (Smith). Many American’s were struggling financial which led to the athletic footwear industry to take a hit in their profit margins as well. Companies had to discount their products to keep a high volume of sales (Smith). The economic climate also plays a role in the rising population and disposable income levels of consumers. In 2010, consumers felt more confident financially by having more disposable income and began purchasing items like athletic footwear more frequently (Smith). The industry was able to gain leverage to increase prices and focus the consumer on quality and not price (Smith). The increased level of income allows consumers to afford a premium-priced shoe which is driving the industry’s profit margins today (Smith). Both income levels and general population are continuously growing which becomes an opportunity for the industry to capture as much of the market as possible. Another trend that is affecting the industry is the healthy and active lifestyle. Obesity is at an all-time high and the lifestyle of healthy living is becoming a major part of our culture (Smith). This trend has encouraged consumers to exercise more and therefore need athletic shoes (Smith). This is a major opportunity for the industry because their product is directly related to the culture change we are headed in. Finally fashion trends have become a big role in the footwear industry. The market is in demand for innovative designs, styles, and celebrity endorsements. Some consumers in the industry are looking for footwear that is specifically made to help them perform better while others look for shoes as a fashion trend. The current trend of light weight footwear is attractive to runners because it helps them perform better. The industry is currently thriving on profit from running shoes (Townsend). And in 2010 sales surged when the trend of light weight shoes with styles of neon hues hit the market (Townsend). Consumers are now wearing those bright colored shoes as a fashion trend whether it be on the track or on the city sidewalks (Adams). They are not afraid to pay up for shoes that are comfortable and trendy (Townsend). The industry also uses celebrities in marketing their products to reach consumers. Athletes like Michael Jordan and Lace Armstrong contributed to the success of athletic shoe companies. Many consumers look up to these athletes for motivation and in return will buy shoes because they are wearing the same style or brand of shoe. These trends are an opportunity for the industry because it allows companies to fill the need of consumers and in return they become profitable. The first threat identified by the five forces framework is the threat of new entrants. New entrants are firms that have either recently started operating in an industry or that threaten to begin operations in an industry soon. The athletic footwear industry is a very difficult industry to come into. This is because of the market in which the footwear industry operates, is highly saturated. This saturated market combined with the economies of scale in production, research and development, and marketing make a company have to operate in large scale to be cost effective in the industry (Athletic Footwear: Industry Analysis). Also, the main companies in this industry have major cost advantages independent of scale. Their management know-how that they have developed over the years united with their learning curve allows them to dominate this industry (Athletic Footwear: Industry Analysis). The second threat is the threat of rivalry, which is the intensity of competition among a firm’s direct competitors, is high for this industry. The main factor of the competitiveness of the industry is due to the fact that industry rivals compete aggressively against one another for vital market share. The athletic shoe industry is very old and companies must focus on market share rather than concentrating on market growth. The athletic footwear market is expected to grow at a continual annual growth rate of 1. 8% from 2011 to 2018 to reach 84. 4 billion by 2018 (PRWeb). Non-athletic footwear is the largest market segment and is expected to grow faster than the athletic footwear sector. Various fashion trends in the market, such as demand for innovative designs and styles and celebrity endorsement, is driving the non-athletic footwear market (PRWeb). This new trend in the footwear industry makes the way companies compete vary vastly from company to company. Innovative companies such as Nike strive for product differentiation as well as massive marketing strategies, but other brands such as Sketchers attempt to capture the low budget appeal. 70% of the market share is made up of the top five players which include Nike, Adidas, Reebok, Puma and New Balance (PRWeb). Other key companies are Asics, Converse, Sketchers and K-Swiss. The popularity of local manufacturers and growing piracy in developing countries remains the major challenge for global footwear manufacturers (PRWeb). With the new trend of switching from athletic footwear to non-athletic footwear, it makes the threat of substitution very high. The consumers’ ability to buy a non-athletic shoe is effortless, especially due to the increased focus on value for money and looking for simple, hard-wearing shoes that last (Report Linker). When it comes to the suppliers in the athletic shoe industry it has a low threat to the companies. There are a large number of firms that are able to supply the materials and basic needs of the companies. To add onto the limited threat caused by the suppliers, their industry is not dominated by a small number of firms. The athletic footwear companies are able to exert their extensive power over their suppliers on the three homogeneous raw materials of cotton, rubber, and foam needed to make a shoe (Athletic Footwear: Industry Analysis). Even though the threat of suppliers is not an issue for this industry, the buyers can play a key factor when it comes to the decision making process. Buyers have a low threat risk because of the vast number of individual buyers, but there are few switching costs for them to switch to a new shoe brand. This causes companies in this industry to focus on the buyer’s needs and wants when it comes to designing a shoe. The five forces model shows that overall profitability can be high for this industry. The cost it takes to produce the actual shoe itself is very low, but the limited amount of major companies that are continually rivaling one another allow them to dominate this industry and make it extremely difficult for new comers to last. The knowledge and skills that companies such as Nike have acquired over the years allow them to stay on top as well. The companies low production costs and high markup costs allow those firms in this industry to thrive to the point of their limits. But because these companies have grown so large, they must compete viciously against one another for the same customers. The main competitors of Nike in the shoe industry are K-Swiss, Skechers, and Under Armour. These are the publicly traded companies and are in direct competition in shoes. Nike dominates the market and has 42% of domestic market share in the United States (Articlebase). Recent net sales reports Nike at $24. 12 billion (Market Watch), K-Swiss at $268. 36 million, Skechers at $1. 56 billion, and Under Armour at $1. 83 billion. Nike has been the leader the shoe industry since 1980 when it gained 50% of United States market share (MyBizIQ. com). They have maintained the position as leaders in the shoe industry. Nike has become experts in segmentation and targeting their market (NikeRepository. com). Works Cited â€Å"A Marketing Case Study on Nike. † Articlebase. (2012): n. page. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. http://www. articlesbase. om/international-marketing-articles/a-marketing-case-study-on-nike-5907782. html. Adams, Brittany. â€Å"Running Shoes Get The High Fashion Treatment. †Ã‚  Style File RSS. Style. com, 19 July 2012. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. http://www. style. com/stylefile/2012/07/running-shoes-get-the-high-fashion-treatment/. â€Å"Annual Financials for Nike Inc. Cl B. † Market Watch (2011): n. pag. Web. 13 Feb 2013. http://www. marke twatch. com/investing/stock/nke/financials. â€Å"Athletic Shoe Stores in the US: Market Research Report. †Ã‚  Athletic Shoe Stores in theUS Market Research. N. p. , n. d. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. ibisworld. com/industry/athletic-shoestores. html. Athletic Footwear: Industry Analysis. 1 May 2006. 16 February 2013 http://www. docstoc. com/docs/7937512/Athletic-Footwear-Industry-Analysis. â€Å"Nike, Inc. History and Information. † NikeRepository. com. N. p. , 2010. Web. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. http://www. nikerepository. com/nike-company-history. PRWeb. Global Athletic Footwear Industry Analyzed by Transparency Market Research. 26 October 2012. 13 February 2013 http://www. prweb. com/releases/2012/10/prweb10056776. htm. Report Linker. Footwear Industry: Market Research Reports, Statistics and Analysis. 12 February 2013 http://www. reportlinker. com/ci02119/Footwear. html. Smith, Gavin. â€Å"Athletic Shoe Stores in the US Industry Market Research Report Now Available from IBISWorld. † Athletic Shoe Stores in the US Industry Market Research Report Now Available from IBISWorld. PRWeb, 30 Nov. 2012. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. http://www. prweb. com/releases/2012/11/prweb10188965. htm. â€Å"Swooshing to Success. † MyBizIQ. com. (2013): n. page. Print. http://www. mybiziq. com/articles/studies/Nike. cfm. The US Athletic Apparel and Footwear Industry Outlook to 2015 – Evolving Niche Segments in Sportswear. †Ã‚  By Ken Research in Footwear, Sports Apparel, Apparel. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Feb. http://www. bharatbook. com/market-research-reports/retail-market-research report/the-us-athletic-apparel-and-footwear-industry-outlook-to-2015-evolving niche-segments-in-sportswear. html. Townsend , Matt. â€Å"Fashion Spurs Sales of Athletic Shoes. †Ã‚  Bangor Daily News RSS. Bloomberg News, 26 May 2012. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. http://bangordailynews. com/2012/05/26/health/fashion-spurs-sales-of-athletic-shoes/. How to cite Industry Analysis Paper, Papers

Travel and Tourism Growing Global Service Industry

Question: 1. Define the types of customers in the travel and tourism industry. 2. Analyse the effectiveness of customer service and the use of quality systems in the travel and tourism industry. 3. Examine the solutions of customer queries and complaints in travel and tourism. Answer: Introduction The travel as well as the tourism industry is the one of leading as well as fastest growing industries in the UK. It is the largest growing global service industry. Ryan Air was the first budget airline in Europe; it is represented after the successful US low-cost transporter. Ryan air is one of the oldest as well as most flourishing low-cost airlines of Europe. The travel and tourism industry in the US were estimated to contribute by 2025, more than 2.5 trillion US dollars. Tourism is travel for enjoyment, also the assumption as well as the practice of touring. As a service industry, tourism has various tangible and intangible elements. Tourism is important for many countries, due to the earnings produced by the utilization of goods as well as services by tourists. Types of customers in travel industry The word customer' is a memorable wide one. Here are some examples to show that how many types of customers are there in the travel industry. Suppose, the challenge when compacting with an individual customer is to modify your business's facilities to their needs or requirements and apparently happy customers are possible to revisit (Robinson 2009). There are group customers, whether the group in question is a family or a group of cricket followers, it is essential to know its necessity. Sound-public talking expertise is required dealing with large groups of people. The customers of the travel industry are also of different cultures. For a time, when people of different cultures appears to be impolite or unusual towards us, it might be because they are stating themselves in such a way that we are not at all used to. Thus, your task should be open-minded, not to affront or be offended by intellectual differences as well as the consciousness of what those distinctions will positively h elp. In the travel industry, there are people of different ages, some areas of the industry are device towards an exact age variety. Frequently, customer service mainly deal with a whole variety of ages, and this means assessing what necessities people are likely to have and also paying attention to their demands. It is also a good way to accomplish customer service by anticipating what people wish for (Walker and Harding 2006). There are also Non-English speaker customers, as it is easy to treat with people who don't speak English. There are customers with specific needs. Many times, in our daily lives we may have exceptional requirements when using relaxation as well as tourism facilities. Some tips to show how to deal with such requirements, restricted mobility, Visually Impaired customers, and Hearing impaired customers. There are business people, who are attending a meeting; those people require services more than the other customers. External customers are the people that we h abitually use by saying the word customers.' These people bring profits that maintain such companies are floating. External customers are so happy that they revisit our business and tell others, how good it is. In the same way, internal customers are the people that work in an organization to furnish products and services (Camera and Kim 2013). These types of customers are straightforward to look as well as they are taken for granted. Effectiveness of customer service in tourism Customer service is unswervingly related to tourism because travel industry is mainly based on money and with no customer there is no income. Excellent customer service is required in every part tourism either it is a restaurant, hotel, flights and so on. In spite of how rude and demanding the customers can be, but it is crucial to keep a good attitude and friendly behavior to the customers. The Ryan Air company highlights a strong customer service as to those customers who get service from this company are more likely to revisit for their future travel planning. Thus, if the traveler gets good service from this airline company, then he will be considered as a typical customer with the exclusive service provider. Poor customer service can spoil the Ryan air company's reputation. If the customer gets bad experience from that airline, then he will neither revisit it again nor will he advise anyone to use this airline (Hunter-Jones 2016). So, directly that supplier will lose that custom er income in future. Thus, customer plays a crucial role in Ryan air company and to every tourism industry. Good customer service provides more opportunities for trade for the service provider. Some keys to good customer service are, to understand customer need, to make the customers feel special and to compact with them patiently. Thus, customer care is the willpower of the Travel Industry. Benefits that improved customer service of Ryanair The benefits that improved customer service of Ryanair is in the following ways: Customers get pleasing and quality services from an organization they learn to discuss it in their social network that leads to straight publicity (Qualified service provider (agency provider) handbook 2012). Thus this is the best way to promote the business products and services. Response from consumers means increased sales that ultimately lead to satisfaction of shareholders. They tend to invest more in the organization. Better service can increase the business growth. Quality service helps in growing client support, but comprehensive customer service is the input to maintain clients and stand out of the mass. Encouraging consumers for reaction and remarks is a vital part of quality customer service. Consumer's feedback for considering the power and weaknesses is possibly the best way to appreciate the outlook of consumers and approve successful business strategies. Customer service can provide business owners a serious learning incident to understand the vibrant of the corporate world (Cadman 2003). It also keeps up with the newest business trends. Customers can significantly decrease the risk of business failures and losses. Customer satisfaction is crucial for an organization. If the customers are happy, then the investors and business partners will be happy as well. Trust of the shareholder can be gain by appointing a strong client to enlarge the business opportunity. Higher profits and good sales can offer a good salary to the employee and extra spring up, thus falling employee income. Client pleasure directly controls the working environment of business organizations (Allen 2011). With reduced stress of meeting goals and economic stability, employees can work in a relaxed community atmosphere, thus cheering them to work to their highest capability. Improved efficiency is also crucial for customer service for the benefit of the business. Use and importance of quality system Ryan Air airline was founded on 1985. The company's headquarters are in Dublin, Ireland. It is a low-cost airline in Ireland. Ryan air's route system provides twenty-eight countries in Europe as well as Morocco (Johnson and Gustafsson 2000). This airline has been characterized by its quick growth, a consequence of the deregulation of the airline industry in Europe in 1997 as well as the achievement of the low-cost production model. Thus, good quality services as well as products decrease the charge of rework, objections, and waste and most probably, returns, causes satisfied customers. It is noted that high quality always considered as the most important aspect of an airline industry. The important assurances of Ryanair, are like, to provide every customer with low fares of flights, to inform the customers of known cancellations, delays as well as distractions to react quickly to customer's demands as well as complaints and provide timely repayments. Ryan air is found making skillful use of its passenger service feedback to stimulate its employees to make them feel proud as well as give confidence them to develop their works. Ryan air has a recognized as well as general quality and safety management system. It is associated with the company's purpose and calculated direction (McAllister and Duplisea Daniel E 2012). It is articulated as the organizational aims as well as ambitions, processes, policies and resources that required executing and maintaining it. Hence, the quality system has tended to come together with sustainability programs, as both the customer's satisfaction and investors are increasing together with this factor. Ryan air has thus modified Air Travel for all of us. The quality system is very much important for any industry or organization (Knox 2002). RATER Model The RATER model is very useful for customer handling. This helpful tool emphasizes the areas that you want to concentrate on to supplying excellent customer service. This RATER model is used to improve the service of the Ryan Air customers. Hence, customers can be internal as well as external to the organization (Kim 2009). So, this model is appropriate for a broad range of situations. The RATER model was invented by professors Valarie Zeithaml, A. Parasuraman, and Leonard Berry, and available in their 1990 book, which is "Delivering Quality Service". The model shows areas that customers believe to be essential when they use a service. These are, firstly, assurance that is the skills and knowledge of the staffs and also their capability to utilize this expertise to motivate faith and confidence. Secondly, the reliability is that your capacity to offer the service you has promise assured continually, accurately as well as on time. Thirdly, it is tangibles that provide the physical con firmation of the service (Kerin 2006). That can be employees, offices and marketing substance that are used. Fourthly, it is empathy that is the relationship between the customers and the employees. Fifthly, it is responsiveness that is to provide a fast and excellent quality service to the customers. Thus, by concentrating these areas, one can improve the service. The fine way of utilizing the RATER model is to car take a Gap Analysis. For doing a gap analysis, one has to classify five areas. That are the future state that is the place you want to provide a service, the current situation that is how one at present offers a service and lastly, the next action that is how you will shift from your current situation to future state. The RATER model believes that customers estimate the service quality of a firm by contrasting their awareness with their anticipations (Tivers and Rakic 2012). This model also allows trade to develop a personal service incompatible by scrutinizing the custo mer data. Thus, this model mainly focuses on discriminating the customer's experience with the customer's expectations (Gilioli Rotondaro 2002). Impact of RATER model on Ryanair Company RATER Model is helpful to attract the tourists to the areas that will offer large customer service. The model highlights five districts for the customers that they think to be significant when they use a service (Ryanair 2015). Those are reliability, assurance, tangibles, empathy, and responsiveness. It is a model for telling customers service. Ryanair Company cannot make up to the grade when it comes to taking care of the customers. The direct relation between the customer and service comes as no big surprise. Customer's hope remains comparatively low when it comes to Ryanair. The impact of RATER model is great as it helps the company with many facilities and strategies. The model highlights the customer to have the ability to supply the service on time. Knowledge and skills should be there on the staff. Loyalty is also a crucial factor. The relationship between the employees and customers should be good. They must have the ability to offer high-quality service, and response should be good. Organizations are dependent on their customers. If they do not build up trust and satisfaction, then they might lose their customers. Their demands and likings of various products and services are a matter of concern for many business areas. Service suppliers are predictable to be the skilled of the service they are delivering. Customer alertness is essential to check that the employee's badges or buttons are worn, to put certifications into posters, newsletters and hand over. Contributor employee must be taught how to interact with customers and their end consumers. Short session throughout direction sometimes help. Customer gap can be build if there is the difference between the expectation of services and management. Communication is another factor in customer gap (Rosner, Halcrow and Levins 2001). They may fell to communicate with the management. Company strategies may fail to retain customers and make stronger relationship leads to the gap. Complaining of the people an d developing new strategies for service breakdown are the major factors. Correct service design should be chosen, and arrangement of the product should be made (Schermerhorn 2005). Company understanding of customer potential is essential. Service performance and delivery the product in right time is required. Otherwise, it's responsible for the gap. Employees must be fit for the job. Poor technology, improper supervisory control systems and lack of teamwork create a gap. Advertising, sales force, and communications which the customer reviews a company's service quality should be matching. They should make sure that all the company's outside messages are confirmed for the delivering as promised. Not providing the service as being supposed can be the only gap from the customer. The cost of price is also the most important factor. RATER model is to determine the point of customer satisfaction with an organization (Dukkipati 2005). Compared to its competitors it can be used on a usual s ource to track customer observation of service quality of a firm. It offers the opportunities for a firm to charge its service value performance by each measurement independently as well as the overall size. Strategic management levels for Rater model Customers have the elasticity and awareness of the uppermost level of management fitness. Their motive is to offer the best-specialized services and products to the clients in a positive environment (Birkinshaw 2004). They notice on the client needs through recognition and enlargement of an extremely experienced professional staff and a communal environment devoted to present greater quality human resources for all the services. Strategic Management is needed for RATER model to be utilized successfully. Business strategy is useful for ensuring profitability with organizational purposes. Formulating business plans for generally expansion and achievement of the top and key line abundance. Handling by and large business operations for applying sound business strategies of sales targets. The management considers the full possible of a business and openly links between the business objectives and resources required to accomplish them. Intention possible business areas and discover each market for rising fear and opportunities. Enlarge a business model that will valuable distinguish the company from its competitors. Strategic budgeting is serious for useful company presentation management. Many organizations fight back to come to hold with confronting of efficiently coordinating and managing this important organizational method across the various useful areas of sales, operations, and finance. Finance professional s and businesses managers must work close together to make the victory of the organization (Bodie and Merton 2000). There is a common understanding of the strategy and final economic outcomes of the organization. Recommendation After going through the whole project it can be said that there are many things that can be changed in Ryan air. There are some people who have complains about Ryanair. They have raised the issues of passenger satisfaction, luggage settlement problem; also they have claimed that sometimes there are issues like misbehavior at the attendant and extra money charge. So according to the global point of view, travel and tourism are mainly based on the satisfactory feedback of the customers who are using the service of the organization. If the level of satisfaction lacks then this will be regarded as a blunder for the organization. Moreover after all the surveys and research upon the organization it must be concluded that Ryanair is doing a great job in the domestic circle. The main recommendation is to take a step forward to initialize the international service. One can expect Ryanair to be in the list of top flight companies if the above problems are taken care accordingly. Conclusion Thus, from the above points, we can conclude that the tourism industry has gone through the vast growth of unusual nature more than the last some decades. Thus, the travel and tourism industry will develop the company's position in the market. It is mainly modified to the enterprise's specific organizational circumstances as well as its market atmosphere. Ryanair's primary focus is for those people who mostly travel for personal purposes. This company is price-responsive with a lower earning level and also with an excellent customer service. Thus, flying has developed a lot with high-quality service. Therefore, customer satisfaction develops business tools. It is important to understand that the customer will not protest, and this will vary from one industry to another. Ryan air has done the client satisfaction work with great care as well as because of the tourism and travel industry has achieved great success in their company. 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