What Is Diagenesis in Geology

Diagenesis is the name for a wide range of changes that affect sediments during their progress to become sedimentary rocks: after they are laid down, while they are becoming rock, and before they first undergo metamorphism. It does not include weathering, the processes that turn all kinds of rock into sediment. Diagenesis is sometimes divided into early and late phases.   Examples of Early Phase Diagenesis Early diagenesis covers everything that may happen after sediment is laid down (deposition) until it first becomes rock (consolidation). Processes in this stage are mechanical (reworking, compaction), chemical (dissolution/precipitation, cementation), and organic (soil formation, bioturbation, bacterial action). Lithification takes place during early diagenesis. Russian geologists and some American geologists restrict the term diagenesis to this early stage. Examples of Late Phase Diagenesis Late diagenesis, or epigenesis, covers everything that may happen to sedimentary rock between consolidation and the lowest stage of metamorphism. Emplacement of sedimentary dikes, growth of new minerals (authigenesis), and various low-temperature chemical changes (hydration, dolomitization) mark this stage. Whats the Difference Between Diagenesis and Metamorphism? There isnt an official boundary between diagenesis and metamorphism, but many geologists set the line at about 1-kilobar pressure, corresponding to depths of a few kilometers, or temperatures over 100 C. Processes such as petroleum generation, hydrothermal activity, and vein emplacement occur in this borderline region.

The Sociological Imagination Of Our Everyday Lives

In order to make sense of the purpose of our everyday lives and our place in society, humans participate in a concept called the sociological imagination. This concept enables a person to â€Å"understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals†(Mills, The Sociological Imagination). When applying the sociological imagination to my own experiences, I am able to locate myself society, particularly the larger structures of Education. By doing, so I am able to find purpose in the education system despite its pitfalls. In order to make sense of what we are doing in our lives as individuals we must examine the history and institutions of society at large. This is what the sociological imagination does; it helps us define our purpose in society. For example, the education system today is â€Å"suffering from narration sickness†(Friere 71) meaning that students passively listen while the teach ers narrate content. It is obvious to anyone that has gone through the formal education that there seems to be no real purpose to what we do in schools. There is less learning taking place, but rather depositing. The students are empty vesicles to which the teacher deposits information for the student to receive, memorize and repeat. Paulo Freire calls this type of learning the â€Å"banking† concept of education in his book â€Å"Pedagogy of the Oppressed†. In this banking system, oppression is a main characteristic of theShow MoreRelatedThe Concept Of Sociological Imagination : Connecting History987 Words   |  4 PagesClaudia Rosado Professor Williams Sociology 3 October 2014 The Concept of Sociological Imagination: Connecting History to Biography C. 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Industry Analysis Paper Free Essays

Athletic Footwear Industry Analysis When you think of athletic footwear what are your first thoughts? Nike? Under armor? Skechers? K-Swiss? All these companies have a common type of product/category called athletic footwear that they all sell and make a huge profit from. Throughout our analysis we will focus primarily on the United States Market industry compared to the International industry in athletic footwear/ running shoes. Within the United States there is a wide variety of different types of shoes but one of the most trend setting shoes that provide the most income are athletic footwear/ running shoes. We will write a custom essay sample on Industry Analysis Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The United States has over 10 billion dollars of revenue of profit that the athletic footwear industry provides and is one of the largest markets for athletic apparel and footwear in the world, which will provide a sufficient analysis for us to determine (Athletic Shoe Stores in the US: Market Research Report, IBISWorld 1999). This will allow us to focus on a market that we are familiar with and will penetrate the industry down to make a more accurate analysis on the industry athletic footwear/ running shoes. We will be analyzing women and men’s retail running shoes through their industry activities. This will declare an accurate competition level between different competitors throughout the industry’s products. Athletic running footwear has had an extreme demand of athletic apparel due to increasing number of athletes and the growing health awareness among the people of the US (Ken Research in Footwear, Market Research 2013). There is more of a demand for women’s running shoes compared to men with the increase of interest to jogging/running for the women population (Ken Research in Footwear, Market Research 2013). We will be analyzing all aspects of the United States industry within the men and women’s attire of running footwear. Some of the trends in the general environment of the athletic footwear industry are the economic climate, healthy and active lifestyle, and fashion trends. In every retail industry the current state of the economy can greatly affect the environment. If the economy is in a depression that effects the shopping patterns of their consumers and as a result becomes a threat to the industry. The athletic footwear industry took a hit when the recession decelerated the US economy in 2008 (Smith). Many American’s were struggling financial which led to the athletic footwear industry to take a hit in their profit margins as well. Companies had to discount their products to keep a high volume of sales (Smith). The economic climate also plays a role in the rising population and disposable income levels of consumers. In 2010, consumers felt more confident financially by having more disposable income and began purchasing items like athletic footwear more frequently (Smith). The industry was able to gain leverage to increase prices and focus the consumer on quality and not price (Smith). The increased level of income allows consumers to afford a premium-priced shoe which is driving the industry’s profit margins today (Smith). Both income levels and general population are continuously growing which becomes an opportunity for the industry to capture as much of the market as possible. Another trend that is affecting the industry is the healthy and active lifestyle. Obesity is at an all-time high and the lifestyle of healthy living is becoming a major part of our culture (Smith). This trend has encouraged consumers to exercise more and therefore need athletic shoes (Smith). This is a major opportunity for the industry because their product is directly related to the culture change we are headed in. Finally fashion trends have become a big role in the footwear industry. The market is in demand for innovative designs, styles, and celebrity endorsements. Some consumers in the industry are looking for footwear that is specifically made to help them perform better while others look for shoes as a fashion trend. The current trend of light weight footwear is attractive to runners because it helps them perform better. The industry is currently thriving on profit from running shoes (Townsend). And in 2010 sales surged when the trend of light weight shoes with styles of neon hues hit the market (Townsend). Consumers are now wearing those bright colored shoes as a fashion trend whether it be on the track or on the city sidewalks (Adams). They are not afraid to pay up for shoes that are comfortable and trendy (Townsend). The industry also uses celebrities in marketing their products to reach consumers. Athletes like Michael Jordan and Lace Armstrong contributed to the success of athletic shoe companies. Many consumers look up to these athletes for motivation and in return will buy shoes because they are wearing the same style or brand of shoe. These trends are an opportunity for the industry because it allows companies to fill the need of consumers and in return they become profitable. The first threat identified by the five forces framework is the threat of new entrants. New entrants are firms that have either recently started operating in an industry or that threaten to begin operations in an industry soon. The athletic footwear industry is a very difficult industry to come into. This is because of the market in which the footwear industry operates, is highly saturated. This saturated market combined with the economies of scale in production, research and development, and marketing make a company have to operate in large scale to be cost effective in the industry (Athletic Footwear: Industry Analysis). Also, the main companies in this industry have major cost advantages independent of scale. Their management know-how that they have developed over the years united with their learning curve allows them to dominate this industry (Athletic Footwear: Industry Analysis). The second threat is the threat of rivalry, which is the intensity of competition among a firm’s direct competitors, is high for this industry. The main factor of the competitiveness of the industry is due to the fact that industry rivals compete aggressively against one another for vital market share. The athletic shoe industry is very old and companies must focus on market share rather than concentrating on market growth. The athletic footwear market is expected to grow at a continual annual growth rate of 1. 8% from 2011 to 2018 to reach 84. 4 billion by 2018 (PRWeb). Non-athletic footwear is the largest market segment and is expected to grow faster than the athletic footwear sector. Various fashion trends in the market, such as demand for innovative designs and styles and celebrity endorsement, is driving the non-athletic footwear market (PRWeb). This new trend in the footwear industry makes the way companies compete vary vastly from company to company. Innovative companies such as Nike strive for product differentiation as well as massive marketing strategies, but other brands such as Sketchers attempt to capture the low budget appeal. 70% of the market share is made up of the top five players which include Nike, Adidas, Reebok, Puma and New Balance (PRWeb). Other key companies are Asics, Converse, Sketchers and K-Swiss. The popularity of local manufacturers and growing piracy in developing countries remains the major challenge for global footwear manufacturers (PRWeb). With the new trend of switching from athletic footwear to non-athletic footwear, it makes the threat of substitution very high. The consumers’ ability to buy a non-athletic shoe is effortless, especially due to the increased focus on value for money and looking for simple, hard-wearing shoes that last (Report Linker). When it comes to the suppliers in the athletic shoe industry it has a low threat to the companies. There are a large number of firms that are able to supply the materials and basic needs of the companies. To add onto the limited threat caused by the suppliers, their industry is not dominated by a small number of firms. The athletic footwear companies are able to exert their extensive power over their suppliers on the three homogeneous raw materials of cotton, rubber, and foam needed to make a shoe (Athletic Footwear: Industry Analysis). Even though the threat of suppliers is not an issue for this industry, the buyers can play a key factor when it comes to the decision making process. Buyers have a low threat risk because of the vast number of individual buyers, but there are few switching costs for them to switch to a new shoe brand. This causes companies in this industry to focus on the buyer’s needs and wants when it comes to designing a shoe. The five forces model shows that overall profitability can be high for this industry. The cost it takes to produce the actual shoe itself is very low, but the limited amount of major companies that are continually rivaling one another allow them to dominate this industry and make it extremely difficult for new comers to last. The knowledge and skills that companies such as Nike have acquired over the years allow them to stay on top as well. The companies low production costs and high markup costs allow those firms in this industry to thrive to the point of their limits. But because these companies have grown so large, they must compete viciously against one another for the same customers. The main competitors of Nike in the shoe industry are K-Swiss, Skechers, and Under Armour. These are the publicly traded companies and are in direct competition in shoes. Nike dominates the market and has 42% of domestic market share in the United States (Articlebase). Recent net sales reports Nike at $24. 12 billion (Market Watch), K-Swiss at $268. 36 million, Skechers at $1. 56 billion, and Under Armour at $1. 83 billion. Nike has been the leader the shoe industry since 1980 when it gained 50% of United States market share (MyBizIQ. com). They have maintained the position as leaders in the shoe industry. Nike has become experts in segmentation and targeting their market (NikeRepository. com). Works Cited â€Å"A Marketing Case Study on Nike. † Articlebase. (2012): n. page. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. http://www. articlesbase. om/international-marketing-articles/a-marketing-case-study-on-nike-5907782. html. Adams, Brittany. â€Å"Running Shoes Get The High Fashion Treatment. †Ã‚  Style File RSS. Style. com, 19 July 2012. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. http://www. style. com/stylefile/2012/07/running-shoes-get-the-high-fashion-treatment/. â€Å"Annual Financials for Nike Inc. Cl B. † Market Watch (2011): n. pag. Web. 13 Feb 2013. http://www. marke twatch. com/investing/stock/nke/financials. â€Å"Athletic Shoe Stores in the US: Market Research Report. †Ã‚  Athletic Shoe Stores in theUS Market Research. N. p. , n. d. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. http://www. ibisworld. com/industry/athletic-shoestores. html. Athletic Footwear: Industry Analysis. 1 May 2006. 16 February 2013 http://www. docstoc. com/docs/7937512/Athletic-Footwear-Industry-Analysis. â€Å"Nike, Inc. History and Information. † NikeRepository. com. N. p. , 2010. Web. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. http://www. nikerepository. com/nike-company-history. PRWeb. Global Athletic Footwear Industry Analyzed by Transparency Market Research. 26 October 2012. 13 February 2013 http://www. prweb. com/releases/2012/10/prweb10056776. htm. Report Linker. Footwear Industry: Market Research Reports, Statistics and Analysis. 12 February 2013 http://www. reportlinker. com/ci02119/Footwear. html. Smith, Gavin. â€Å"Athletic Shoe Stores in the US Industry Market Research Report Now Available from IBISWorld. † Athletic Shoe Stores in the US Industry Market Research Report Now Available from IBISWorld. PRWeb, 30 Nov. 2012. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. http://www. prweb. com/releases/2012/11/prweb10188965. htm. â€Å"Swooshing to Success. † MyBizIQ. com. (2013): n. page. Print. http://www. mybiziq. com/articles/studies/Nike. cfm. The US Athletic Apparel and Footwear Industry Outlook to 2015 – Evolving Niche Segments in Sportswear. †Ã‚  By Ken Research in Footwear, Sports Apparel, Apparel. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Feb. http://www. bharatbook. com/market-research-reports/retail-market-research report/the-us-athletic-apparel-and-footwear-industry-outlook-to-2015-evolving niche-segments-in-sportswear. html. Townsend , Matt. â€Å"Fashion Spurs Sales of Athletic Shoes. †Ã‚  Bangor Daily News RSS. Bloomberg News, 26 May 2012. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. http://bangordailynews. com/2012/05/26/health/fashion-spurs-sales-of-athletic-shoes/. How to cite Industry Analysis Paper, Papers

Travel and Tourism Growing Global Service Industry

Question: 1. Define the types of customers in the travel and tourism industry. 2. Analyse the effectiveness of customer service and the use of quality systems in the travel and tourism industry. 3. Examine the solutions of customer queries and complaints in travel and tourism. Answer: Introduction The travel as well as the tourism industry is the one of leading as well as fastest growing industries in the UK. It is the largest growing global service industry. Ryan Air was the first budget airline in Europe; it is represented after the successful US low-cost transporter. Ryan air is one of the oldest as well as most flourishing low-cost airlines of Europe. The travel and tourism industry in the US were estimated to contribute by 2025, more than 2.5 trillion US dollars. Tourism is travel for enjoyment, also the assumption as well as the practice of touring. As a service industry, tourism has various tangible and intangible elements. Tourism is important for many countries, due to the earnings produced by the utilization of goods as well as services by tourists. Types of customers in travel industry The word customer' is a memorable wide one. Here are some examples to show that how many types of customers are there in the travel industry. Suppose, the challenge when compacting with an individual customer is to modify your business's facilities to their needs or requirements and apparently happy customers are possible to revisit (Robinson 2009). There are group customers, whether the group in question is a family or a group of cricket followers, it is essential to know its necessity. Sound-public talking expertise is required dealing with large groups of people. The customers of the travel industry are also of different cultures. For a time, when people of different cultures appears to be impolite or unusual towards us, it might be because they are stating themselves in such a way that we are not at all used to. Thus, your task should be open-minded, not to affront or be offended by intellectual differences as well as the consciousness of what those distinctions will positively h elp. In the travel industry, there are people of different ages, some areas of the industry are device towards an exact age variety. Frequently, customer service mainly deal with a whole variety of ages, and this means assessing what necessities people are likely to have and also paying attention to their demands. It is also a good way to accomplish customer service by anticipating what people wish for (Walker and Harding 2006). There are also Non-English speaker customers, as it is easy to treat with people who don't speak English. There are customers with specific needs. Many times, in our daily lives we may have exceptional requirements when using relaxation as well as tourism facilities. Some tips to show how to deal with such requirements, restricted mobility, Visually Impaired customers, and Hearing impaired customers. There are business people, who are attending a meeting; those people require services more than the other customers. External customers are the people that we h abitually use by saying the word customers.' These people bring profits that maintain such companies are floating. External customers are so happy that they revisit our business and tell others, how good it is. In the same way, internal customers are the people that work in an organization to furnish products and services (Camera and Kim 2013). These types of customers are straightforward to look as well as they are taken for granted. Effectiveness of customer service in tourism Customer service is unswervingly related to tourism because travel industry is mainly based on money and with no customer there is no income. Excellent customer service is required in every part tourism either it is a restaurant, hotel, flights and so on. In spite of how rude and demanding the customers can be, but it is crucial to keep a good attitude and friendly behavior to the customers. The Ryan Air company highlights a strong customer service as to those customers who get service from this company are more likely to revisit for their future travel planning. Thus, if the traveler gets good service from this airline company, then he will be considered as a typical customer with the exclusive service provider. Poor customer service can spoil the Ryan air company's reputation. If the customer gets bad experience from that airline, then he will neither revisit it again nor will he advise anyone to use this airline (Hunter-Jones 2016). So, directly that supplier will lose that custom er income in future. Thus, customer plays a crucial role in Ryan air company and to every tourism industry. Good customer service provides more opportunities for trade for the service provider. Some keys to good customer service are, to understand customer need, to make the customers feel special and to compact with them patiently. Thus, customer care is the willpower of the Travel Industry. Benefits that improved customer service of Ryanair The benefits that improved customer service of Ryanair is in the following ways: Customers get pleasing and quality services from an organization they learn to discuss it in their social network that leads to straight publicity (Qualified service provider (agency provider) handbook 2012). Thus this is the best way to promote the business products and services. Response from consumers means increased sales that ultimately lead to satisfaction of shareholders. They tend to invest more in the organization. Better service can increase the business growth. Quality service helps in growing client support, but comprehensive customer service is the input to maintain clients and stand out of the mass. Encouraging consumers for reaction and remarks is a vital part of quality customer service. Consumer's feedback for considering the power and weaknesses is possibly the best way to appreciate the outlook of consumers and approve successful business strategies. Customer service can provide business owners a serious learning incident to understand the vibrant of the corporate world (Cadman 2003). It also keeps up with the newest business trends. Customers can significantly decrease the risk of business failures and losses. Customer satisfaction is crucial for an organization. If the customers are happy, then the investors and business partners will be happy as well. Trust of the shareholder can be gain by appointing a strong client to enlarge the business opportunity. Higher profits and good sales can offer a good salary to the employee and extra spring up, thus falling employee income. Client pleasure directly controls the working environment of business organizations (Allen 2011). With reduced stress of meeting goals and economic stability, employees can work in a relaxed community atmosphere, thus cheering them to work to their highest capability. Improved efficiency is also crucial for customer service for the benefit of the business. Use and importance of quality system Ryan Air airline was founded on 1985. The company's headquarters are in Dublin, Ireland. It is a low-cost airline in Ireland. Ryan air's route system provides twenty-eight countries in Europe as well as Morocco (Johnson and Gustafsson 2000). This airline has been characterized by its quick growth, a consequence of the deregulation of the airline industry in Europe in 1997 as well as the achievement of the low-cost production model. Thus, good quality services as well as products decrease the charge of rework, objections, and waste and most probably, returns, causes satisfied customers. It is noted that high quality always considered as the most important aspect of an airline industry. The important assurances of Ryanair, are like, to provide every customer with low fares of flights, to inform the customers of known cancellations, delays as well as distractions to react quickly to customer's demands as well as complaints and provide timely repayments. Ryan air is found making skillful use of its passenger service feedback to stimulate its employees to make them feel proud as well as give confidence them to develop their works. Ryan air has a recognized as well as general quality and safety management system. It is associated with the company's purpose and calculated direction (McAllister and Duplisea Daniel E 2012). It is articulated as the organizational aims as well as ambitions, processes, policies and resources that required executing and maintaining it. Hence, the quality system has tended to come together with sustainability programs, as both the customer's satisfaction and investors are increasing together with this factor. Ryan air has thus modified Air Travel for all of us. The quality system is very much important for any industry or organization (Knox 2002). RATER Model The RATER model is very useful for customer handling. This helpful tool emphasizes the areas that you want to concentrate on to supplying excellent customer service. This RATER model is used to improve the service of the Ryan Air customers. Hence, customers can be internal as well as external to the organization (Kim 2009). So, this model is appropriate for a broad range of situations. The RATER model was invented by professors Valarie Zeithaml, A. Parasuraman, and Leonard Berry, and available in their 1990 book, which is "Delivering Quality Service". The model shows areas that customers believe to be essential when they use a service. These are, firstly, assurance that is the skills and knowledge of the staffs and also their capability to utilize this expertise to motivate faith and confidence. Secondly, the reliability is that your capacity to offer the service you has promise assured continually, accurately as well as on time. Thirdly, it is tangibles that provide the physical con firmation of the service (Kerin 2006). That can be employees, offices and marketing substance that are used. Fourthly, it is empathy that is the relationship between the customers and the employees. Fifthly, it is responsiveness that is to provide a fast and excellent quality service to the customers. Thus, by concentrating these areas, one can improve the service. The fine way of utilizing the RATER model is to car take a Gap Analysis. For doing a gap analysis, one has to classify five areas. That are the future state that is the place you want to provide a service, the current situation that is how one at present offers a service and lastly, the next action that is how you will shift from your current situation to future state. The RATER model believes that customers estimate the service quality of a firm by contrasting their awareness with their anticipations (Tivers and Rakic 2012). This model also allows trade to develop a personal service incompatible by scrutinizing the custo mer data. Thus, this model mainly focuses on discriminating the customer's experience with the customer's expectations (Gilioli Rotondaro 2002). Impact of RATER model on Ryanair Company RATER Model is helpful to attract the tourists to the areas that will offer large customer service. The model highlights five districts for the customers that they think to be significant when they use a service (Ryanair 2015). Those are reliability, assurance, tangibles, empathy, and responsiveness. It is a model for telling customers service. Ryanair Company cannot make up to the grade when it comes to taking care of the customers. The direct relation between the customer and service comes as no big surprise. Customer's hope remains comparatively low when it comes to Ryanair. The impact of RATER model is great as it helps the company with many facilities and strategies. The model highlights the customer to have the ability to supply the service on time. Knowledge and skills should be there on the staff. Loyalty is also a crucial factor. The relationship between the employees and customers should be good. They must have the ability to offer high-quality service, and response should be good. Organizations are dependent on their customers. If they do not build up trust and satisfaction, then they might lose their customers. Their demands and likings of various products and services are a matter of concern for many business areas. Service suppliers are predictable to be the skilled of the service they are delivering. Customer alertness is essential to check that the employee's badges or buttons are worn, to put certifications into posters, newsletters and hand over. Contributor employee must be taught how to interact with customers and their end consumers. Short session throughout direction sometimes help. Customer gap can be build if there is the difference between the expectation of services and management. Communication is another factor in customer gap (Rosner, Halcrow and Levins 2001). They may fell to communicate with the management. Company strategies may fail to retain customers and make stronger relationship leads to the gap. Complaining of the people an d developing new strategies for service breakdown are the major factors. Correct service design should be chosen, and arrangement of the product should be made (Schermerhorn 2005). Company understanding of customer potential is essential. Service performance and delivery the product in right time is required. Otherwise, it's responsible for the gap. Employees must be fit for the job. Poor technology, improper supervisory control systems and lack of teamwork create a gap. Advertising, sales force, and communications which the customer reviews a company's service quality should be matching. They should make sure that all the company's outside messages are confirmed for the delivering as promised. Not providing the service as being supposed can be the only gap from the customer. The cost of price is also the most important factor. RATER model is to determine the point of customer satisfaction with an organization (Dukkipati 2005). Compared to its competitors it can be used on a usual s ource to track customer observation of service quality of a firm. It offers the opportunities for a firm to charge its service value performance by each measurement independently as well as the overall size. Strategic management levels for Rater model Customers have the elasticity and awareness of the uppermost level of management fitness. Their motive is to offer the best-specialized services and products to the clients in a positive environment (Birkinshaw 2004). They notice on the client needs through recognition and enlargement of an extremely experienced professional staff and a communal environment devoted to present greater quality human resources for all the services. Strategic Management is needed for RATER model to be utilized successfully. Business strategy is useful for ensuring profitability with organizational purposes. Formulating business plans for generally expansion and achievement of the top and key line abundance. Handling by and large business operations for applying sound business strategies of sales targets. The management considers the full possible of a business and openly links between the business objectives and resources required to accomplish them. Intention possible business areas and discover each market for rising fear and opportunities. Enlarge a business model that will valuable distinguish the company from its competitors. Strategic budgeting is serious for useful company presentation management. Many organizations fight back to come to hold with confronting of efficiently coordinating and managing this important organizational method across the various useful areas of sales, operations, and finance. Finance professional s and businesses managers must work close together to make the victory of the organization (Bodie and Merton 2000). There is a common understanding of the strategy and final economic outcomes of the organization. Recommendation After going through the whole project it can be said that there are many things that can be changed in Ryan air. There are some people who have complains about Ryanair. They have raised the issues of passenger satisfaction, luggage settlement problem; also they have claimed that sometimes there are issues like misbehavior at the attendant and extra money charge. So according to the global point of view, travel and tourism are mainly based on the satisfactory feedback of the customers who are using the service of the organization. If the level of satisfaction lacks then this will be regarded as a blunder for the organization. Moreover after all the surveys and research upon the organization it must be concluded that Ryanair is doing a great job in the domestic circle. The main recommendation is to take a step forward to initialize the international service. One can expect Ryanair to be in the list of top flight companies if the above problems are taken care accordingly. Conclusion Thus, from the above points, we can conclude that the tourism industry has gone through the vast growth of unusual nature more than the last some decades. Thus, the travel and tourism industry will develop the company's position in the market. It is mainly modified to the enterprise's specific organizational circumstances as well as its market atmosphere. Ryanair's primary focus is for those people who mostly travel for personal purposes. This company is price-responsive with a lower earning level and also with an excellent customer service. Thus, flying has developed a lot with high-quality service. Therefore, customer satisfaction develops business tools. It is important to understand that the customer will not protest, and this will vary from one industry to another. Ryan air has done the client satisfaction work with great care as well as because of the tourism and travel industry has achieved great success in their company. Thus, customer satisfaction will become an influential planned trade development tool. References Ryanair. (2015).IIC, 46(4), pp.486-486. Allen, K. (2011). Current trends affecting providers of business information.Business Information Review, 28(1), pp.38-40. Birkinshaw, J. (2004).Strategic management. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Pub. Bodie, Z. and Merton, R. (2000).Finance. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Cadman, J. (2003).Shareholders' agreements. London: Sweet Maxwell. Camera, G. and Kim, J. (2013). Buyers equilibrium with capacity constraints and restricted mobility: A recursive approach.Economics Letters, 118(2), pp.321-323. Dukkipati, R. (2005).Control systems. Harrow, U.K.: Alpha Science International. Gilioli Rotondaro, R. (2002). Defining the customers expectations in eà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ business.Industr Mngmnt Data Systems, 102(9), pp.476-482. Hunter-Jones, P. (2016). Customer service for hospitality and tourism.Tourism Management, 55, pp.13-14. Johnson, M. and Gustafsson, A. (2000).Improving customer satisfaction, loyalty, and profit. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Kerin, R. (2006).Marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Kim, Y. (2009).Combining constructed response items and multiple choice items using a hierarchical rater model. Knox, G. (2002). Risk management or safety first?.Quality and Safety in Health Care, 11(2), pp.116-116. McAllister, M. and Duplisea Daniel E, (2012).Production model fitting and projection for Acadian redfish (Sebastes fasciatus) in units 1 and 2. [Ottawa]: Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat = SecreÃÅ' tariat canadien de consultation scientifique. Qualified service provider (agency provider) handbook. (2012). Bismarck, ND: North Dakota Dept. of Human Services, Medical Services Division. Robinson, P. (2009).Operations management in the travel industry. Wallingford, UK: CABI. Rosner, B., Halcrow, A. and Levins, A. (2001).Communication. New York: McGraw-Hill. Schermerhorn, J. (2005).Management. New York: J. Wiley. Tivers, J. and Rakic, T. (2012).Narratives of travel and tourism. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate Pub. Walker, R. and Harding, K. (2006).Tourism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

How does Shakespeare use language in Hamlet to teach the reader valuable lessons in life Essay Example

How does Shakespeare use language in Hamlet to teach the reader valuable lessons in life Paper Shakespeares tragedy , Hamlet is written during the Elizabethan period . The tragedy , Hamlet was written at a time of intellectual and political controversy . Hamlets popularity is global and it is one of Shakespeares frequently performed plays. Hamlets popularity is due to its artistic exuberance, rich and varied incidents, characters and language. Shakespeare has deep insight into human nature and can intrigue and excite the reader or the audience . Shakespeares plays are written specially to be acted on the stage . Performances took place in the open air and spectators were seated all around the stage. Shakespeare richly depicts his interest in his own profession . Obvious examples include the players and the play-within-a-play to reveal Claudiuss guilt resonates with the language and the imagery of the theatre . Shakespeares Tragedy Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is based on a 12th century tale by Saxo Grammaticus, which Shakespeare most certainly never saw, and is part of a spate of revenge dramas which were extremely popular around the turn of the seventeenth century. Hamlet was written in the 17th Century . In Elizabethan times revenge was taught to be noble and man made . According to the Elizabethans there could only be order only if man could control his passions . During the Elizabethan times elevated passages reflected philosophical thoughts . These thoughts were often spoken in verse . Rhyme was also used to convey the anxiety and passion . There was no real scenery and so setting was created through magic words . In Elizabethan times tragedy only occurred when the person was initially good and there is some tragic flaw in him which leads to his downfall . We will write a custom essay sample on How does Shakespeare use language in Hamlet to teach the reader valuable lessons in life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How does Shakespeare use language in Hamlet to teach the reader valuable lessons in life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How does Shakespeare use language in Hamlet to teach the reader valuable lessons in life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Shakespeare has cleverly used soliloquies in his plays to express the characters feelings in that situation. Using soliloquy was a literary tradition used in the olden plays to make all the readers be engrossed in the play and so that they can get in to the most possible depth and understand the hidden meaning . A kind of inner debate is portrayed through the use of soliloquies. The reader is able to gain direct experience of Hamlets inner world. to be or not to be The complexity of his thoughts and ambiguity of his actions appear life like . His intellectual energy and alertness made the action more comprehensible. Shakespeares language complexes the reader but it has deep meaning in them . He uses similes and metaphors that are the lifeblood in all his plays . In Hamlet imagery has been used, descriptive style has been used through out the play . The language used by Shakespeare is full of variety , sometimes enigmatic . Shakespeare genius and mastery of language helped the reader to appreciate Hamlets inner turmoil and to share his trauma . This play is a family drama and since we are all family members, it sustains our interest . The focus is on family relationships like brother , sister ,father and son, daughter and mother, etc . We also understand the importance of friendship , In this play in the 1ST Act the reader is informed that the King of Denmark was murdered by His own brother Claudius . Claudius wanted to rule Denmark and so fulfilled his greed by murdering his own brother . Shakespeare also includes super natural element his fathers ghost . His fathers ghost commands him to take his revenge. So this play depicts the sons turmoil and how he delays to take his actions. To obey our parents is the primary duty of each and every child . A child is been taught till today in school that he should always respect his elders and obey them as they will be successful in their lives if they are obedient and can also pass this on to the next generation . Shakespeare conveys the lesson of being obedient through many ways . One of the ways is when Leartes warns Ophelia about Hamlet . A violet in the youth of primary nature , Forward not permanent , sweet, not lasting. The inward service of the mind and soul Grows wide withal . In this case colours have been created here through the words violet . Images of the spring season have been created . Shakespeare uses this phrase as it was proverbial as well as associated with love . This is one of the ways Shakespeare involved the reader in the play . Adjectives have also been used in this line sweet . All this is done to create an image in the readers eyes . These lines emphasizes that Hamlets love was short lived and not lasting because as Hamlet grew up he became wiser . The words youth of primary nature emphasizes that love is youthful and not long-lasting. Leartes also cautions Ophelia His greatness weighed , his will is not his own For he himself is subject to his birth For on his choice depends The safety and the wealth of this whole state. Leartes makes Ophelia aware that as he is the king he has to please everyone . Hamlet cant choose to marry because he is the prince and he has to marry in the interest of the state. Leartes is a typical protective brother as he warns her of Hamlet. We learn from this the relationship of the brother and sister . He also says Fear it Ophelia , fear it my dear sister. And keep you in the rear of your affection Out of the shot and danger of desire This line tells the reader that Leartes warns her that Hamlet might take advantage of her innocence . Shakespeare cleverly uses images of treasure , war , masks and disease as sexual metaphors when Leartes warns his sister against losing her virginity to Hamlet or lose your heart or your chaste treasure open to this unmastered opportunity . This is a lesson to the reader that he should always listen to his elders as they are more experienced and know more than us . Polonius even warns Ophelia about Hamlet and this part even shows us the importance of being obedient and always listening to our elders . Shakespeare has used a variety of language techniques here to make the reader learn valuable lesson about obedience . Shakespeare begins with a Rhetorical Question . What is between you ? Give me up the truth . Polonius too warns Ophelia to stay away from Hamlet as he could deceive her at any moment and as he was the king his primary duty was to look after the needs of the people . Shakespeare also uses a simile . Affection ? pooh ! You speak like a green girl . A green girl is a girl who is inexperienced . So Shakespeare uses this to compare Ophelia to an inexperienced girl . This word green refers to the reader as he too is inexperienced and he should always listen to his elders . Shakespeare creates stunning imagery which helps the reader visualize the situation . Or not to crack the wind of the poor phrase The image is of a horse or over exertion of a hound which will get the stitch . Shakespeare has used strong comparisons . Ay, springs to catch woodcocks Wood cock was a foolish bird that fell into snares . So in this case he compares Ophelia to a woodcock . When the blood burns , how prodigal the soul Lends the tongue vows He tells her that in youth any body will say anything , but it is up to her that she should not believe them set your entreatments at a higher rate Than a command to parle Polonius tells her that she should have her own dignity. Its very important for a person to have his or her dignity because others will respect him / her . She should also be at a commanding position. for Lord hamlet , Believe so much in him that he is young, Do not believe his vows . For they are brokers. He warns Ophelia that she should be careful of Hamlet as he could take advantage of her innocence . In this case Shakespeare uses comparison again . This time he compares Hamlet to brokers . I appreciate his comparison as Polonius was confident that Hamlet would break her daughters heart and all the vows and promises they had taken . Ophelia unwillingly acknowledges her father and replies I shall obey my lord . I appreciate her courage as she is ready to sacrifice her love and submits herself to her fathers instructions . There is one more character who shows the reader that he is loyal to his father . That is Hamlet . In Act 1 scene 5 Shakespeare has made use of supernatural elements his fathers ghost. His father commanded him to take revenge against the serpent that did sting thy fathers life now wears the crown He promised his father that he will take revenge. Hamlet was in a state of confusion whether or not take the revenge . He knew that it taking away a persons life was not in his hands , it was all on All Mighty . His conscience prevented him to do such a devious thing. Still he took revenge to show the reader that he obeys his father. Another way we know about his obedience is when his fathers ghost tells him Taint not thy mind , nor let my soul contrive Against thy mother aught. Leave her to heaven. His fathers ghost commanded him to leave his mother alone to the heaven. When he had a conversation with his mother , he never harmed her but persuaded her to introspect herself. He also forced her to confess that she was responsible for his fathers death. Confess yourself to heaven. Friendship is an in-depth relationship combining trust, support, communication, loyalty, understanding, empathy, and intimacy. In friendship trust lies on each other and they share their feelings with each other . One lesson which we learn is about friendship . Shakespeare has conveyed this lesson for the reader through many ways . One of the way is through Leartes and Polonius . In this situation Leartes is departing to France and Polonius instructs him about what kind of friends he should have . These instructions resembles of a typical father who advices his son when he goes out for future studies . The first thing Polonius tells him The wind sits in the shoulder of your sail . Shakespeare uses stunning language techniques when he portrays some very valuable lessons which could be applied in our lives. He makes use of Personification here . Polonius tries to tell Leartes that nature is favoring him that he should go out of the country to study . Shakespeare gives the wind the quality to sit . look thou character. Give thy thoughts no tongue. This line emphasizes that a person should think before he / she speak because if you dont think the other person might have a wrong impression about you . This is a lesson for the reader that he should think before he speaks . Be thou familiar , but by no means vulgar. Those friends thou hast and their adoption to them Grapple them unto thy soul with hoops of steel Harsh words have been used by Shakespeare vulgar. Shakespeare has used harsh words so that the reader learns that a person should not be rude in friendship and you should not offend your friends as they are an integral part of your life . This line conveys the message that we should be pleasant in our friendship when dealing with others and that we should not become cheap with the common people . The 2nd sentence teaches the reader that we should not be overfriendly with someone as there could be disagreements between friends . But do not dull thy palm with entertainment . Negative words like dull have been used to emphasize on the point that your friendship should not be meaningless . We should also be very selective while choosing our friends. We should not be with bad company but with true friends who will help us out . So we should only shake our hands with those people who are our true friends . This is again a lesson for the reader. be aware of entrance to quarrel . but being in beart that th opposed may be aware of thee . Give every man thine ear, but few thy voice Take each mans censure , but reserve thy judgement Harsh words like quarrel used by Shakespeare to depict the fact that in friendship there should be no fights. Words like beware used to caution the reader that quarrel should not exists in friendship . In the 2nd quote the line emphasizes that a man should always listen more and talk less. Another lesson it tells the reader that he should take advice from other people . At last Shakespeare has also used a simile And it must follow , as the night the day . Shakespeares compares that just as the day follows the night , Leartes should also follow the instructions given to him . I appreciate his use of similes , comparisons as they help the reader to visualize the situation . The other characters that depict the importance of friendship are Horatio and Hamlet . Horatio was Hamlets close friend . A friend is whom we share our feelings and they are the ones who give us suggestions if we are facing any crisis . Horatio also warns Hamlet when he was following a ghost : Do not my lord What if it tempt you toward the flood , my lord, Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff Horatio warns him that he should not believe in hallucinations as it could harm him or drive him into madness . This shows his concern for his friend. Horatio used to support Hamlet at every ups and downs . A friend is someone who we can trust up on. Horatio was worthy to be trusted by Hamlet . The reader knows about it in the 1st Act when Hamlet tells them to swear that they wont tell anything about the ghost. Ay by heaven my lord . Horatio kept his secret and till the end he did not tell it to anyone. Hamlet used to admire Hamlet and he shows his admiration as a true friend . Hamlet tells Horatio about friendship and tells him to support him. He tells Horatio For what advancement may I hope from thee , That no revenge hast but thy good spirits Shakespeare has used adjectives while teaching us valuable lessons in life so that its descriptive and it captures the readers attention. good spirits. Hamlet tells to Horatio that he should be friendly with him and not betray him in any way or the other . Hamlet also shares his inner conflict with Horatio. He tells Him Sir in my heart there was a kind of fighting- This shows true friendship as Hamlet shares his emotional disturbance with Horatio as he feel secured with him . Harsh words have been used by Shakespeare fighting to depict Hamlets inner disturbance . Shakespeare has also used characters who dont value friendship at all they are Rosencrantz and Guildenstern . They are a contrast to Hamlet and Horatios friendship . They are the ones who try to deceive Hamlet but failed . They were sent by the King to find about the reason for his madness . Hamlet wanted a friend who would be true to him and not deceive him . By what more dear a better prosper can charge your withal . Shakespeare uses simile to compares those characters who did not value friendship- Rosencrantz and Guildenstern He keeps them like an ape an apple . He compares these two to an apple kept so that the King could extract all information from them . The reader also learns the importance of prayer . Prayer is very necessary as we should thank God for all we have . We should also confess to God if we have done something wrong . Claudius is guilty of what he has done and confesses to God . Poetic language used by Shakespeare to show that Claudius was really guilty To wash it white as snow? Where to serves mercy But to confront the visage of offence? He has used similes white as snow . He wants God to wash away all his sins completely . What then ? What rests? What it can it not Shakespeare has used Rhetorical Questions in the play to depict the reader that his state of mind was in confusion . Imagery has been created through Shakespeares choice of words heart with strings of steel The reader imagines his heart strings have hardened to steel as a result of the crime . Introspection is necessary as a person would be able to find out whether was he correct or wrong . It was a literary tradition to convey the character of the person . This above all :to thine own self be true . This is the most important line as it portrays that whatever we do , we should be answerable to conscience . If we do something superior than we will be able to answer our conscience and will not be ashamed of what we have done. In Hamlet Shakespeare has used Soliloquy to tell us about the characters feelings at that time and this helps us to judge the character of Hamlet. o what a rogue am I Hamlet humiliates himself . He also asks himself questions am I coward? who calls me villain? He condemns himself for not taking any action against Claudius . why , what an ass am I. Shakespeare has used rhetorical questions which depict the reader the state of confusion he was in and the inner conflict he was facing at that situation. Hamlet asks himself many questions through out the play. to be or not to be- Hamlet was wondering to take the revenge or not. This is an important lesson to the reader that he should ask himself a string of questions to test whether he was right or wrong .

Code of Ethics Essays - Codes Of Conduct, Morality, Business Ethics

Code of Ethics Essays - Codes Of Conduct, Morality, Business Ethics Code of Ethics BUS/210 March 7, 2014 Code of Ethics 1.Honesty: We will be honest in the way in which we deal with each other, our vendors and suppliers, and our customers even when honesty may result in financial loss. a.I chose this one because I believe that customers appreciate an honest business. 2.Community Involvement: We will be involved in community activities to support and encourage clean neighborhoods, crime control, and overall community advancement as a way of showing our appreciation of our community and customers. Community involvement activities must be approved by management in advance. a.I chose this one because it builds a good reputation and shows the business is concerned with more than just profits. 3.Social Responsibility: We will be socially responsible by abiding by all local, state and federal laws and regulations regarding the operation of our business. a.I chose this one because it also builds a good reputation and it is the right way to do business. 4.Discrimination: We will not discriminate in our hiring or promotion practices against anyone regarding race, color, gender, nationality, religion, or age. a.I chose this one because it is illegal to discriminate. 5.Vendors/Suppliers: We will only do business with vendors and suppliers that operate in a legal and socially responsible manner. a.I chose this one because if associated with a corrupt business, we could be guilty by association. 6. Work/Life Balance: We recognize that our employees families are important and will provide set work schedules so that our employees have the necessary balance in which to have quality time to support and enhance those relationships. a.I chose this one to show the employees that the business cares about them.

The Relationship between Entrepreneuship, Innocation and Economic Essay

The Relationship between Entrepreneuship, Innocation and Economic Development - Essay Example A variety of theories and policy approaches have been advanced with Keynesian influenced stimulus packages being infused into Western economies with varying degrees of success. Still, a growing body of support has turned to the potentials of economic development occurring through entrepreneurship and innovation. Theorists such as Joseph Schumpeter argue that entrepreneurship and innovation are core elements for economic development, and subsequent city and state governments have oftentimes-established incubators and given increased funding to ensure that innovation is supported. This essay examines the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development. The essay also considers the role creativity and problem solving play in this relationship, with reference to both theory and examples from the business world. Analysis When examining the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic development perhaps the most groundbreaking theorist has bee n Joseph Schumpeter. While Schumpeter’s insights into economic development span a wide array of understandings, there are a number of specific considerations that are relevant for this specific mode of investigation. One of Schumpeter’s most important notions is that of ‘creative destruction’. ... Individuals such as Alan Greenspan have noted that this process underlines economic development. He notes, â€Å""Capitalism expands wealth primarily through creative destruction—the process by which the cash flow from obsolescent, low-return capital is invested in high-return, cutting-edge technologies" (Greenspan 2002). There are a number of specific means by which entrepreneurship and innovation carries out such creative destruction. In his text ‘Theory of Economic Development’ Schumpeter argued that entrepreneurship didn’t simply create new industries, but also resulted in the combination of past industries (Schumpeter 1982). One example of this is that the development of the steam engine combined with carriage development techniques to form the automobile. The development of the automobile then drastically shifts previously held economic and social structural elements, reenergizing the economy and contributing to economic development. While Schumpeter ’s theories have received a degree of criticism that remain prominent and highly relevant in the contemporary world environment. In large part, Schumpeter’s understanding of entrepreneurship and innovation as contributing to economic development has been echoed through endogenous growth theory. This perspective contends that a nation’s economic growth occurs through internal rather than external factors. In this context of understanding it’s clear how Schumpeter’s theory on entrepreneurship is squarely rooted within the endogenous means of growth. While entrepreneurship is popularly viewed in terms of inventions and small business owners, in further examining its impact on economic development one must consider the more abstract notion of innovation

Are knowledge and talent skills that can be taught in the workplace, Essay

Are knowledge and talent skills that can be taught in the workplace, or are they only acquired from experience - Essay Example Knowledge can be acquired through both teaching of an individual at the workplace and can also be acquired through experience. It is noteworthy that no skills are inborn but they are acquired by an individual as they grow. Many employers write job descriptions requiring skills for certain posts. Most hiring employers look for employees with certain skills rather than an individual with best talents. It is important for managers to understand that skill is a learned competence and everyone can be taught to develop a particular skill. Talent is a gift from God and reflects etymological roots of an individual. Talent cannot be taught in a workplace. If one wants to be a salesman, then with enough training, he or she can be taught to acquire this particular skill. In fields such as accounting, many people can read bank statements but few people can manage to manipulate the statements to identify viable investment opportunities. Communication is another area that clearly differentiates be tween the inborn or gifted characteristic and skills that can be acquired through teaching. Some people can talk throughout the day and what they are talking about influences other people. Some people have no ability to talk even for one hour. From these, we can note that skills can be acquired through teaching and experience (Santana, 2005). For more than 10 years, I have been hiring talented and skillful personnel to be my operations assistants. Last year, I was looking for a person with high profile in terms of skills that they were taught. I decided to employ a young man who had no skills.. I hired him because he had passion in the job. It was very fortunate that he learned how to do the job within a short period of time; he became the best among my employees. He turned out to be very productive more than the rest of the employees. From this, I learned that skills and knowledge can be acquired

Pro Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pro Life - Essay Example It is rather known most commonly as the opposition to most abortion case; the support to new life. The major stated goal of the pro-life movement is to "restore legal protection to innocent human life" (Matthew, 2006). This includes the protection of the fetuses and embryos, those who are physically incapacitated that cannot tell their thoughts anymore, and people who are too weak. There are three kinds of people in the world: those who only watch things to happen, those who knows how to make things happen and those doesn't even know whatever it is that hit them. Today, the majority of the people of the world are those who sometimes cannot even be bothered with what's happening, and the one's who make up the first and the last category. In today's reality, it is very hard to establish a common goal and further, fight for it; as people also considers the greatest destroyer of peace today is abortion, because it is believed that it is the direct killing of an innocent child, and by the term, it is also a kind of "murder" by same person who gave life to it. It is no longer just the issue of a woman's right to choose the number of children that she will bear.

Reforming the Legal Rights of Patients in Pakistan

Reforming the Legal Rights of Patients in Pakistan â€Å"If they are unwilling to understand your pain make them feel it.† Kevin Schaller THE PROPOSED LEGISLATION TO RECTIFY DEFICIENCIES IN THE LAW Background One sentence triggered me to work on the patient rights which is a Doctor be treated as patients to make them realize that how hard is it to be a patient’. In Pakistan the basic fundamental rights of patients globally acknowledged (Right to Information; Right to Consent; Right to Free Choice; Right to Privacy and Confidentiality; Right to Respect of Patients’ Time; Right to the Observance of Quality Standards; Right to Safety; Right to Avoid Unnecessary Suffering and Pain; Right to Complain; and Right to Compensation; Right to Preventive Measures; Right of Access; Right to Innovation and Right to Avoid Unnecessary Suffering and Pain) have not been adequately secured by the law, especially rights breached through malpractice and negligence by the medical vocation and the main reason being the inability of the aggrieved patients to file ‘Suit for the Recovery of Damages etc.’ in court of law under tort being incognizance about these rights that have not been legislated and are predicated on the unwritten common law. We overviewed the domestic legislation about the patients’ rights that enabled us to point out gaps and deficiencies in the domestic legislation in the cannon of patients’ rights which are being violated by healthcare providers. This work will enable the legislators in ameliorating the quality of life of patients. The rectification if only possible if special legislation is made keeping in view the deficiencies, gaps and lapses in the domestic legislation. Thus, bringing the gaps and ambiguities, subsisting in the domestic legislation, in the lime light is additionally desideratum of hour if this country is solemnly wishes to amend the quality of human rights bulwark in patients care in Pakistan. Due to absence of any statutory legal framework the healthcare provider’s elaborate their own code, charter, code, rules and regulation with immunity or case law. While recognizing not only that doctors owe a fundamental duty of care to their patients but also that there is need to reform the present legal framework of the profession, it is essential to ensure that the focus of all reform is on distinguishing those doctors that act in good faith and to the best of their ability from those that are negligent, rash or reckless and on punishing only the latter with appropriate and objective severity. A solution lacking this balance will drive out any good doctors that may still remain in the country and leave the field open to their less vigilant peers to play with the lives of patients according to their whims. The Proposed Title of legislation: (Special Code for Healthcare) Therefore, to avoid legal conflicts, gaps, duplications, technical flaws, and vague norms found in current health care legislation discussed in the ‘prompt action’ domain of issues, unification, and codification of healthcare laws is desirable. Owing to significant influence from the continental legal system on patients’ rights the Pakistani legal system offers an opportunity for such unification by the creation of what might be titled the ‘Special Code of Healthcare.’ This approach can eliminate the need for different definitions for identical or similar terms and concepts, and would help to avoid conflicts, inconsistencies, and other gaps currently found both in terms of legal procedure and content due to which the patients in Pakistan are enormously being violated without halt. Therefore, making bases to this study, a package of legislative amendments was presented to the ministry of labor, health, and soon the Ministry will review the suggested amendments and orchestrating to issue orders to fine-tune deficiencies in the country’s health care legislation. The study has additionally accommodated as a reference guide for the Ministry’s legislative work, whose deliberations in this realm are underway, therefore, legislation to rectify the deficiencies, imperfections, gaps and lapses in the domestic legislation can be ascertained in two parts: PART-I Based on these findings, a number of recommendations follow and the problematic issues fall into three steps: Prompt Action Here we deal with technical legal flaws i.e. definitions of Right to Information; Right to Consent; Right to Free Choice; Right to Privacy and Confidentiality; Right to Respect of Patients’ Time; Right to the Observance of Quality Standards; Right to Safety; Right to Avoid unnecessary Suffering and Pain; Right to Complain; and Right to Compensation, ‘informed consent’, ‘the rights of a patient’s relative’, and ‘implied consent’ can be categorized as prompt action to act forthwith and without delay. Such problems do not need additional discussions about healthcare policy and for determining the rights we have discussed at length are supposed to be made available to all patients for which the recommendations offered are sufficient and adequate in order to make special legislation for administration of justice efficiently through setting up special courts and tribunals throughout Pakistan giving relief to aggrieved patients within the period of six months. As special baking, antiterrorist, consumers, labors etc courts are already set up in Pakistan in the interest of public. The patient relative should establish the priority ordering of ascending and descending relatives, or at least adopt the procedural framework established by Muhamdan laws determining different stages of heir: stage-1, (decedent’s children, spouse and parents, grandchildren, great grandchildren and great-great grandchildren), stage-2 (siblings of the decedent; nieces and nephews and their children) and stag-3 (grandparents; great grandparents), 4th class (uncles and aunts), 5th class (first cousins; their children). The ambiguity and vagueness of the terms and rights of Patients could be addressed by eliminating the word â€Å"etc.† or any other word creating doubts while interpreting it. Therefore, the new proposed legislation must ensure by clearly defining the terms ‘implied consent’ by providing an exhaustive list of the situations and legal triggers when implied consent can be invoked. As for as, the term medical malpractice is concerned the issue of unacceptably restrictive scope could be resolved by using the term â€Å"healthcare provider† instead of â€Å"physician etc† in defining the term â€Å"medical malpractice† because â€Å"healthcare provider† extends liability to other individuals and institutional entities involved in the provision of healthcare. To resolve the ambiguities, the legal definition of medical malpractice could be formulated as follows: â€Å"Medical malpractice shall be an unlawful action or act of omission of a healthcare provider, which has resulted in a patient’s death or disorganization of health, or has inflicted moral and/or material damage to a patient.† Likewise, in the realm of confidentiality, the proposed special law should be prepared so that a patient’s information be made available to third parties, including investigative bodies subject to provision of a court order. The proposed law must also specify when it is justified to disclose patient information for forensic medical examination purposes and either a court order or the consent of the patient or his or her legal representative must be required for disclosing the information. The proposed law on the Rights of Patients must expand the characterization of cases when information should be provided to next of kin or guardians of incapacitated individuals and it should also specify that patients possess the right to receive any other medical information related to their medical histories, treatment procedures, and personal identity. The obligations of medical professionals and institutions to provide information in such cases must be clearly delineated. Public Policy There is a rather large group of issues where legislative action can be taken only after choices and priorities are first determined in public policy arena and the issues falling under this category, recommendations of technical legal analysis are not sufficient for remedial legal framework; however, these findings do help flag legislative norms that must be fleshed out or otherwise amended. These ‘public policy’ issues include the scope, limit and circumstance under which ‘medical malpractice’, ‘confidentiality of information’, and ‘patients’ right to information etc can be determined. The situation is more complex regarding the issues in this domain, as decisions need to be made in the public policy area first and only then can these decisions be reflected in legislative reforms. Furthermore, ambiguities and controversies in the healthcare policy arena need to be resolved and priorities defined before legislative action. Deliberation Extensively Required The thesis has identified several topics i.e. as patient safety, rights of healthcare providers etc with respect to which there is neither any legislation nor there is any clear approach in the domestic legislative canon in Pakistan which requires conceptual consideration and synthesis of approaches. Only then, after those policy decisions have been made it will be possible to bring the legal framework into compliance with the requirements of a healthcare system emphasizing human rights in patient care. Hence, with regard to the issues in ‘deliberation extensively required’ as compared to the other categories, there is a longer road ahead before legislative amendments can be made to effectively address these issues. In the area of patient safety, Pakistan first needs to formulate a state policy on the topic and then bring the legislation into compliance with such policy. The work determines different stages of heirs mentioned above. The approach towards this issue should include at least two areas: regulation and implementation. For regulation, legislation needs to be improved with respect to patient rights and patient safety. For implementation, the competent and impartial authorized agency or authority be established to determine policy and safety standards etc at national level for enforcing these concepts in true letter and spirit. In addition, it is necessary to implement projects and activities aimed at eliminating specific risks that pose a danger to patient and provider occupational safety. To accomplish needed progress in the rights of healthcare providers, we recommend that a special section in the healthcare legislation of Pakistan be dedicated to regulating and guaranteeing the rights of healthcare providers as well. At least, legislative amendments must cover issues such as contractual rights of healthcare providers and protections covering faith and religion because here in Pakistan a general tradition is that people attribute any calamity or loss during the process of medical treatment as ‘Act of God or destination’. Part-II PM DC Reformation The role of the council is replete with criticism because of multiple reasons which we have already discussed earlier. Therefore, at this stage the following suggestions are given: The Council must function under strict check and balance system empowering and authorizing the same to reevaluate the registration, performance, terms and conditions of licenses of the healthcare professionals on annual basis by making required amendments and alteration in section 31 of the PM DC Ordinance, 1962 which empowers the council to cancel the registration of a negligent doctor, reads as, â€Å"The council (PM DC) in its discretion may refuse to permit the registration of any person or direct the removal altogether, for a specified period, of the name of any registered medical practitioner or dentist who has been convicted of any such offence; has been held by the council guilty of infamous conduct in any professional respect or who has shown himself to be unfit to continue in practice on account of ill mental health or other grounds.† Secondly, through a cumbersome procedure a complaint is supposed to filed by the aggrieved patient before the registrar or the legal head of the PM DC or the president regarding any negligence of doctors [1] but what would be the outcome or timeframe of such hectic procedure strictly followed by the aggrieved patient regarding the injury or loss he suffered through medical malpractice? Law is silent. Weather this council is authorized to take action against any private hospital? The ordinance is also silent about this as well. Here, on this point again the PM DC laws are completely silent which calls for overall reform of the Pakistan Medical Dental Council Ordinance, 1962 in line with international standards where many countries tried to reduce the risk of malpractice which cannot be eliminated 100% because the risk of mistakes and errors of judgment will always be there even if factors like self-interest are removed completely but in some hospital strict standard operating procedures that are checked and evaluated by third parties like, professional bodies of doctors, medical staff, state authorities and insurance companies. Since its establishments, the Council is being run and administered by medical practitioners for personal gains or joins the executive body as tool to run their private medical entities, units or set up and not for the benefit of the profession, the patients to diligently improving the standard of medical education, training and licensing and likewise, the body has almost no power to restore the license of a medical practitioner once it has been revoke. The basic and derived patients’ right (non-enforceable rights) also called ethical codes be incorporated along with the basic rights. The critics, objects this point because of its nonbinding character as these ethical codes have no statutory base, therefore, cannot be legally enforced. Voluntarily and non-enforceable basis of non-statutory code has drawbacks which could only be avoided through legislation. Part-III Amendments in PPC More so, a remedy through courts is always there but it adds more salt to the wound of aggrieved patients who is already suffered facing the prospect of losing a limb or his life. Therefore, the penalties for medical malpractice or negligence be introduced to prevent negligence from occurring if healthcare intentionally does anything with actus rea and mins rea the concerned be booked under penal code as well and all those laws giving them immunity be repealed. The quackery can’t be eliminated from our society unless with this regards some amendments are not introduced in PPC. S. (XXIX) of The Punjab Healthcare Commission Act, 2010 defines â€Å"quack† a pretender providing health services without having registration of the Medical and Dental Council, Council for Tibb, Council for Homeopathy and Nursing Council and saved its skin from criminal jurisdiction. Section 40 PPC defines word a thing made punishable by PPC, and further defines in section 44 word injury as any harm illegally caused to any person, in body, mind, reputation or property and section 416 personation, a person is said to cheat by personation if he cheats by pretending to be some other person, or by knowingly substituting one person for another, or representing that he or any other person is a person other than he or such other person really is while section 419 deals with Punishment for cheating by personation: Whoever cheats by personation shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, or with fine, or with both. Unfortunately, quackery can be made an offence by making a slight amendment in PPC in the sections mentioned above but domestic trends protect this menace under the garb of technicalities. The question arises why so far against quackery none has been booked under penal code? Part-IV Miscellaneous Steps Awareness through electronic and print media: Average patients don’t know about their rights exactly what kind of service or limitations of their expectations. Separate Road Track for Emergency Services National Highway Authority must ensure that a separate track is lying on all roads for emergency. At government level, the general public be trained through celebrating ambulance week periodically for educating the masses about handling the emergency situation. Rules for Prescription Format The researcher as precautionary measures suggest that there must be a prescribed format for prescription and overleaf written all the basic rights and remedies of patients, with mandatory additional note:- I have diagnosed on ___________the Day of __________and fully understood the nature of the ailment of Mr / Ms. /____________________ and I feel fully competent to deal with the nature of ailment, hence, don’t refer to any other specialist doctor. The rules for prescription must be modernized through review keeping in view the Article 11 of the EU Directive on Patients Rights Rules for Pharmacies At national level all drugs and medicines classified as either the ‘Over the Counter Drugs’ or ‘Prescription only Drugs’; the prescribed drugs must only be sold by the pharmacies on the prescription of registered medical practices by PM DC. Social Security Framework: Can we replace tort compensation with a social security framework that serves victims patients like in 1972, New Zealand introduced the first ‘Universal No-Fault Insurance Scheme’ that provide compensation by the government-run Accident Compensation Corporation irrespective of negligence or malpractice whose goal may be to achieve equality of compensation and reducing different costs of litigation. In the 1970s, Australia and the United Kingdom drew up proposals for similar no-fault schemes but they were later abandoned but in Pakistan with certain amendments in this sector the goals can be achieved. [1] www.dawn.com/news/711896/cases-of-medical-negligence-on-the-rise-2, browsed on 12-4-2014

Essay --

Financial support of minors Parents have an obligation to provide for their children. Children below the age of eighteen years are minors; hence, parents and guardians have the primary liability to support their children. It is their moral obligation to provide for their children as well as their mandate as the law stipulates. Parents are expected to provide common basic needs to the best of their ability. The general obligation of a parent is to provide love, affection, education, food, clothes and proper medical care. Minors on their part are supposed to respect their parents or guardians and utilize the opportunity they are given. For example, the opportunities to go to school, where they are expected to attend all classes and pass exams. When minors leave their parents’ home on their own accord, there is little probability that court will force their parents to support them financially. If the minors leave their parents’ home as a result of the influence of other people or failure to abide b y the rule stipulated by their family, then parents do not have any financial liabil...

Is Foreign Debt a Problem for Bangladesh?

Is Foreign Debt a Problem for Bangladesh? Part-A Foreign debt in Bangladesh Introduction: External debt is one of the sources of financing capital formation in any economy. Developing countries like Bangladesh are characterized by inadequate internal capital formation due to the vicious circle of low productivity, low income, and low savings. Therefore, this situation calls for technical, managerial, and financial support from Western countries to bridge the resource gap. On the other hand, external debt acts as a major constraint to capital formation in developing nations.The burden and dynamics of external debt show that they do not contribute significantly to financing economic development in developing countries. In most cases, debt accumulates because of the servicing requirements and the principal itself. In view of the above, external debt becomes a self-perpetuating mechanism of poverty aggravation, work over-exploitation, and a constraint on development in developing economi es. Public borrowing can be seen by private investors as a warning signal of the government becoming bankrupt within the foreseeable future.They may also fear that government will impose higher taxes in future in order to facilitate the repayment and servicing of the loan. In that case private investors will become less enthusiastic to invest. However, policy makers have to know whether public borrowing is followed by any crowding- out effect on investment, through whatever channel, and to what extent and whether the detrimental effect of such actions outweighs the benefit coming from the use of borrowed money, as is argued by the classical. What is public debt?Public debt is the entry records of cumulative total of all government borrowings less repayments that are denominated in a country's home currency. Public debt should not be confused with external debt, which reflects the foreign currency liabilities of both the private and public sector and must be financed out of foreign e xchange earnings. Government debt is one method of financing government operations, but it is not the only method. Governments can also create money to monetize their debts, thereby removing the need to pay interest.But this practice simply reduces government interest costs rather than truly canceling government debt and can result in hyperinflation if used unsparingly. Governments usually borrow by issuing securities, government bonds and bills. Less creditworthy countries sometimes borrow directly from a supranational organization (e. g. the World Bank) or international financial institutions. Sources of public debt: A. Internal Sources. I. Borrowing from individual by issuing govt bond, notes, etc II. Borrowing from commercial bank III. Borrowing from central bankIV. Borrowing from nan-bank Financial institution B. External Sources I. Foreign Government II. Foreign private institution III. International financial institution like IMF, WB etc. Why Bangladesh economy is dependent o n Public debt? To utilize natural resources Economic development Financing deficit budget Strong social and economic structure Crucial economic contingencies Implement annual development Program Import financing Implementation of fiscal policy To strong national defense Modernization of agriculture Facilitate quick industrialization.Factors Which Influence How Much a Government Can Borrow †¢ Domestic Savings. If consumers have a high savings ratio, there will be a greater ability for the private sector to buy bonds. †¢ Relative Interest rates. If government bonds pay a relatively high interest rate compared to other investments, then ceteris paribus, it should be easier for the government to borrow. Sometimes, the government can borrow large amounts, even with low interest rates because government bonds are seen as more attractive than other investments. †¢ Lender of Last Resort.If a country has a Central Bank willing to buy bonds in case of a liquidity shortages, inv estors are less likely to fear a liquidity shortage. If there is no lender of last resort (e. g. in the Euro) then markets have a greater fear of liquidity shortages and so are more reluctant to buy bonds. †¢ Prospects for Economic Growth. If one country faces prospect of recession, then tax revenues will fall, the debt to GDP ratio will rise. Markets will be much more reluctant to buy bonds. If there is forecast for higher growth. This will make it much easier to reduce debt to GDP ratios.The irony is that cutting government spending to reduce deficits, can lead to lower economic growth and increase debt to GDP ratios. †¢ Confidence and Security. Usually, governments are seen as a safe investment. Many governments have never defaulted on debt payments so people are willing to buy bonds because at least they are safe. However, if investors feel a government is too stretched and could default, then it will be more difficult to borrow. †¢ Foreign Purchase. A country lik e the US attracts substantial foreign buyers for its debt (Japan, China, UK).This foreign demand makes it easier for government to borrow. However, if investors feared a country could experience inflation and a rapid devaluation, foreigners would not want to hold securities in that country. †¢ Inflation. Financing the debt by increasing the money supply is risky because of the inflationary effect. Inflation reduces the real value of the government debt, but, that means people will be less willing to hold government bonds. Inflation will require higher interest rates to attract people to keep bonds.In theory, the government can print money to reduce the real value of debt; but existing savers will lose out. If the government creates inflation, it will be more difficult to attract savings in the future. Is foreign debt a problem to Bangladesh? Excessive reliance on debt, whether domestic or external, carries macroeconomic risks that can hinder economic and social development. Cou ntries macro-economic is thus disturbed by this factor alone. Scarcity of resources has already compelled the government to borrow afresh and/or impose new taxes on the citizenry to meet debt service obligations.High domestic public debt pushes up interest rates and crowds out private investment, which is much needed to promote economic growth. When most government revenues are devoted to debt servicing, fiscal policy cannot be used to provide basic services, such as education, health, safe drinking water and housing. Unfortunately, the national budget — annual statement of the government’s income and expenditure — does not recognize the gravity of the situation characterized by its serious problem to finance the external debt servicing at the cost of basic human services.Every year Bangladesh pays, on an average $ 1070 million, to its foreign creditors. A 2003 study (SUPRO: 2003) exclusively revealed the fact that for every dollar in foreign grant aid received, the government spends over $1. 5 in debt service to foreign creditors annually. While there is no denying that Bangladesh is heavily dependent on foreign aid and loans to finance its annual budget, it is also true that aid agencies and multilateral lenders in the West have to carry a lion’s share of the blame for Bangladesh’s burden of debt. Between 1980 and 2012, Bangladesh’s total outstanding international debt quadrupled.The bulk of this surge in lending to the autocratic regimes came from the International Development Association, the soft-loan window of the World Bank. Can the World Bank and the IMF morally impose the burden of this debt on the Bangladeshi people, when in fact that money provided valuable succor to an autocratic regime that the people were struggling to topple at the time? How sustainable Bangladesh Debt is? Bangladesh is classified as a low-income country and is home to the third highest absolute number of poor people in the world, after China and India.Despite the huge amounts it spends servicing debt ($1551. 3 million in 2011), the World Bank describes it neither as ‘severely’ nor even ‘moderately’ indebted, but instead classifies Bangladesh as ‘less indebted’. Instead of rewarding Bangladesh for its track record of prompt debt servicing, the World Bank has interpreted this to mean that Bangladesh’s debt must be sustainable. Arbitrary thresholds on indicators like debt/exports made Bangladesh ineligible for the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative or the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative.Bangladesh will not receive through either of these initiatives the debt relief that it desperately needs to finance public expenditures on school and hospitals among other basic necessities. One of the Bangladeshi development experts remarked that- â€Å"Bangladesh has regularly paid its debts, expanded exports and are now being punished for its success† (Bhattac harya: 2006). The whole argument is that, since these countries are able to repay they must have â€Å"sustainable† levels of debt.The sustainability of debt is primarily measured on the economic matrix called Debt Sustainable Analysis (DSA) introduced by the World Bank and IMF, which lays too much emphasis on the country’s exports and does not fully reflect the true nature of the debt burden on government expenses. How can Bangladesh’s debt be sustainable especially when it pays back on an average $1070 million to its foreign creditors in general and $870 million to its so-called benevolent development partners (multi-lateral and bi-lateral donors) annually?For a poor country like Bangladesh, would it be realistic to calculate ‘debt sustainability’ without looking at how much money it spends on schools, hospitals and roads, on teachers, medicines, clean water and on everything else that is needed to combat the dire poverty blighting so many lives? If a country cannot afford to meet the basic needs of its own people, then how can one argue that giving money to the rich world is affordable or â€Å"sustainable†? How can its debt be sustainable when the cost of external debt servicing exceeds the public spending on health and education, for example?In what criteria, the Bangladesh external debt can be measured as sustainable when it clearly demonstrates that MDG progress is being seriously hampered due to the excesses of debt servicing? Presumably, the international community has left a single choice for Bangladesh: servicing external debt at the cost of basic services let alone the MDG progress! Why Bangladesh deserves full debt cancellation? Undeniably, Bangladesh cannot afford to pay on average $1060 million a year to foreign creditors.Even though the country is making some progress with regard to the implementation of the MDGs, it is still home to 70 million people living in poverty. It has the highest incidence of po verty in South-Asia. In fact, Bangladesh cannot afford to pay a single dollar in debt service. If debt sustainability is based on the financing needs for the MDGs, Bangladesh would receive full debt cancellation. Bangladesh needs US$ 7. 5 billion a year to finance the implementation of the MDGs. A growing number of NGOs, governments and analysts have come to the conclusion that debt cancellation should be expanded.As independent expert Bernards Mudho explained earlier this year (2007) in a report commissioned for the United Nations: â€Å"There†¦ is a need for further comprehensive solutions to the debt problems of poor countries, including further debt relief by other multilateral institutions and for permanent solutions to the problems of bilateral and commercial debts. Bangladesh Debt must be cancelled, because †¦ ? Debt costs too much to Bangladeshi people in general and poor and marginalized in particular. People need a healthy and prosperous life that requires incre ased government spending on basic services such as health, education, water-sanitation etc. ? Bangladesh needs to achieve the MDG targets in time. To finance the Millennium Development Goals, every year a staggering US7. 5 billion in external budget support is needed. This is about four times the amount of aid and concessional loans currently provided by foreign donors and creditors. ? At this juncture, Bangladesh can no longer afford to pay a single dollar for debt servicing. Because†¦.. Every dollar paid in debt service is a dollar lost for the MDGs†. Part-B Impact of Foreign debt on Bangladesh 1. Effects on Economic growth 2. Effects on NNP 3. Effects on Inflation 4. Effects on Investment 5. Effects on consumption 6. Effects on Production 7. Effects on Distribution 8. Effects on Risk, uncertainty, liquidity Part-C Statistical Analysis 1. Trend Analysis of Foreign Debt: Trend Analysis of External debt of last 10 years is given below Y=1714. 5+0. 8647x R? = 0. 9247 Appen dix Table 1 shows the summary of trend equation and r2 of External debt of Bangladesh.The trend equation of Foreign debt is, Y=1714. 5+0. 8647x and the square of correlation coefficient (r2) = . 9247. Interpretation: The trend equation indicates that during the period from 2003 to 2012 debt increase at the rate of . 8647 billion per year and 1714. 5 is the average external debt of Bangladesh. It is reflected from the table that trend equation of foreign debt are positive and goodness of fit of all the equations are very high. 2. Descriptive Analysis of Foreign Debt: Descriptive Statistical Analysis of External debt of last 10 years is given below: (All amounts are in billions) Descriptive Statistics | |N |Range |Minimum |Maximum |Mean |Std. Deviation |Variance |Skewness |Kurtosis | | |Statistic |Statistic |Statistic |Statistic |Statistic |Statistic |Statistic |Statistic |Std. Error |Statistic |Std. Error | |Foreign_Debt |11 |8. 7200 |16. 5000 |25. 2200 |2. 103273E1 |2. 9825127 |8. 8 95 |-. 169 |. 661 |-1. 108 |1. 279 | |Valid N (listwise) |11 | | | | | | | | | | | | Interpretation: This table provides statistical information about the data set, such as showing mean value of foreign debt individually and its deviation.For this information, for instance we found that minimum value of the variable is 16. 5bill, Maximum value is 25. 22billon, its mean 2. 103273e1 and Standard deviation is 2. 9825127. 3. Correlation Analysis: Table shows the correlation matrix for estimating interrelationships between chosen economic parameters of Bangladesh. Variables |GDP real Growth |Amount of Foreign Debt |Inflation rate |Investment Amount |Remittance Inflow |Import |Export Amount |Foreign Reserve | |GDP real Growth Rate |1 |. 635 |. 638 |. 748 |. 427 |. 457 |. 485 |. 352 | |Amount of Foreign Debt |. 35 |1 |. 819 |. 555 |. 919 |. 901 |. 920 |. 846 | |Inflation rate |. 638 |. 819 |1 |. 518 |. 686 |. 742 |. 763 |. 494 | |Investment Amount |. 748 |. 555 |. 518 |1 |. 406 |. 433 |. 4 68 |. 222 | |Remittance Inflow Amount |. 427 |. 919 |. 686 |. 406 |1 |. 915 |. 935 |. 920 | |Import Amount |. 457 |. 901 |. 742 |. 433 |. 915 |1 |. 994 |. 888 | |Export Amount |. 485 |. 920 |. 763 |. 468 |. 935 |. 994 |1 |. 885 | |Foreign Reserve Amount |. 352 |. 846 |. 494 |. 222 |. 920 |. 888 |. 885 |1 | | From the correlation matrix we have observed the followings; GDP real Growth has moderate correlation with foreign debt, inflation rate, investment and low degree of correlation with remittance, import, export and very low correlation with GDP per capita. †¢ Foreign debt has strong correlation with. †¢ Inflation rate have strong correlation with. †¢ Investment have strong correlation with. †¢ Remittance inflow has moderate correlation with †¢ Import has strong correlation with †¢ Export has low correlation with †¢ Foreign exchange Reserve has low correlation with Part-D Recommendation & Conclusion Recommendation: The international community inc luding the G-8 must take necessary steps immediately to ensure full Debt cancellation for Bangladesh; †¢ Debts must be cancelled as a matter of justice: creditors must accept their share of responsibility in creating the current debt crisis, and cancel debts on this basis; †¢ A â€Å"MDG-consistent† frame-work of Debt Sustainability should be applied and cancellation must be available to all that need it; †¢ The issue of Climate Change and its adverse effect must be taken into account and additional fund should be released to overcome the adversity linking it with MDG process; †¢ The governments of indebted countries must demonstrate to their citizens that they are spending money well and accountably.But this must not be used as an excuse to impose economic policy conditions or to limit those countries receiving debt cancellation by the donor community; †¢ Rich countries, institutions and commercial creditors must cancel all illegitimate and un-payabl e debts being claimed from all poor countries; †¢ Total Debt stocks must be cancelled, not just Service; debt service cancellation for a limited period is not enough. †¢ Debt cancellation of any kind must not be conditional and it must not be considered again as ODA Conclusion: The study has been conducted with a view to examining the presence of crowding- out effect of public borrowing on the private investment in the Bangladesh economy.To accomplish the task, a model for investment function has been specified and estimated considering public borrowing, GDP and interest rate as independent variables. A long -run relationship has been estimated and analyzed by performing unit root test, co – integration test and an error correction model. The main findings of the study confirm with statistical significance that there is no crowding- out effect in Bangladesh, rather, the crowding- in effect is evident. This result is indeed somewhat paradoxical in terms of convention al wisdom. The study has attempted to offer a rationale for this seemingly paradoxical finding from a macroeconomic point of view.In doing so, it has analyzed a couple of macroeconomic issues and ended up with the conclusion that the presence of crowding- in instead of crowding – out effect can be attributed to such factors as excess liquidity in the banking system, imperceptible government competition with the private sector, relatively sustainable public debt scenario, government expenditure for transfer payment program , significant development expenditure for producing those goods and services which has the potential to discharge positive externalities, government microcredit programs and ADP -black money linkages. The results of the study have important implications for the fiscal management.Existence of excess liquidity and possibility of crowding – in effect together put the fiscal authority in a position to foster private investment and hence economic growth th rough expanding borrowing backed public expenditure. However, the overall criteria that public expenditure authority ought to ensure is the transparency and efficiency in its programs. Moreover, government can avoid unnecessary inflation and external indebtedness by reducing reliance for funds on Bangladesh Bank and foreign sources as long as excess liquidity in the banking system prevails. In view of the perceived limitations inherent in this study, the following aspects may be taken up by future researchers: Decomposing private investment by category and taking each of them as separate dependent variable; †¢ Segregating borrowing by government itself and borrowing by other public sector corporations, and considering them as separate explanatory variables; †¢ Splitting public borrowing by sources (not only banks, NBDC or general public but also Bangladesh Bank and external sources) and taking all of them as explanatory variable s; †¢ Incorporating a dummy variable fo r capturing the issue of economic reform and structural variation between after and before 1990 periods; and †¢ Finally, if possible, carrying on the whole study on the basis of quarterly data to make the analytical framework parsimonious. [pic] ———————– 10